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1、高考英語語法知識 介詞用法,高考英語語法知識 介詞短語,【解析】 B句意：這家商店將關(guān)門維修，直到下次通知?？疾榻樵~辨析。until直到時(shí)，到為止。,1. 2011全國卷 This shop will be closed for repairs _ further notice. Awith Buntil Cfor Dat,2. 2011北京卷 With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken _ color. Aby BFor Cwith Din,【解析】 D句意：利用新的科技，水下河谷的照片能被拍攝成彩色?？疾?/p>

2、介詞辨析。介詞in表示（手段、方法、材料）“用，以”，此處color意為“彩色”。,3.2011湖北卷 When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men. Ain terms of Bin need of Cin favor of Din praise of,【解析】 C句意：當(dāng)被問及他們對校長的意見時(shí)，許多老師都希望看到他讓位給年輕人?？疾榻樵~短語辨析。in terms of就而言；in need of需要

3、；in favor of支持，贊同；in praise of表揚(yáng)。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。,介 詞,介詞可分為時(shí)間介詞、地點(diǎn)介詞、方式介詞、原因介詞和其他介詞。Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語)This machine is in good condition.(表語)Where is the key to my bike?(定語)She always thinks herself above others.（賓補(bǔ)）,介詞的分類（1）從用法分類,介詞的分類（2）從結(jié)構(gòu)分類,重點(diǎn)介詞的用法歸納與辨析1、表示世紀(jì)、年、月

4、、 季、周 用 in / during , in the 1990s , in May , in spring ,in the first week of June,2. 在某一天或某天上、下午、晚上 、前夕 用 on,3. 在某一時(shí)刻、 或某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間用 at .,till , until , to 的用法。 1）till / until 與延續(xù)動詞連用，用于肯定句，與短暫 動詞連用用在否定句（ 在句首、強(qiáng)調(diào)句 不用till ).,2) to 表終結(jié)常與from 連用 from to from time to time from hand to hand from door to door f

5、rom house to house,表 “依次” from one + 名詞 to another名詞 + by + 同一名詞 one by one ,5. in , after , laterin + 一段時(shí)間 常用一般將來時(shí)。after + 一段時(shí)間 = 一段時(shí)間 later 常用一般過去時(shí)。after + 點(diǎn)時(shí)間 ?？捎酶鞣N時(shí)態(tài)。6 . 地點(diǎn)介詞 : at , on , in , to , off ，across , through ，over , under ，below , above，to （ 靜態(tài) ）, towards ( 動態(tài) ）, along7. 表示方式、手段、 工具 的

6、介詞 by / through ( 表泛指 的方式、手段） by (交通工具類） by / with / in ( 方式、手段）,8. 表 “ 除 之外 ” 的介詞 besides , but except ，except for , except that 注意： 1） 前面有不定代詞、 疑問代詞時(shí)，多用but All but one are here .Nobody but I likes literature2） 后接不定式短語為排除對象時(shí)，多用butHe has nothing to do but wait .3) 固定短語 have no choice but to do sth （

7、只得做某事） can not but do sth cannot help but do sth (不得不） but for / but that（要不是）9. between / among (三者以上）10 表原因的介詞：for , because of , due to , owing to ，on account of , as a result of , thanks to11. 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的 for , of12 . 兼類詞 （ 兼作連詞和副詞）after，since， till / until, before,.,【難點(diǎn)一】It is +adj.+ of / for sb.

8、 to do sth. 選詞填空（for/of）It is kind _ the teachers to help support the poor students.It is quite important _ us to protect the environment. 解析：當(dāng)形容詞說明不定式邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征時(shí)，用介詞of。常見的形容詞有：kind, good, nice, clever, stupid, foolish, considerate等，此時(shí)句子可以改寫為sb. + be + adj. to do sth.。所以應(yīng)選of，此句還可以改寫為：The teachers ar

9、e kind to help support the poor students； 而當(dāng)形容詞說明不定式的性質(zhì)時(shí)，用介詞for，常見的形容詞有：important, necessary, possible等，故應(yīng)選for。,for,of,【難點(diǎn)二】except, besides, except for / that, butYour article is quite good _several spelling mistakes.Nobody knew his name _ me.Some people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these d

10、ays.I would buy the suit, _ it costs too much.Who _ a fool would do such a thing?解析：except for 表示部分地修正主句的內(nèi)容，帶有一種惋惜的語氣；except that 與except for意義相同，只是except that后面接從句；,except for,except,besides,except that,but,【考點(diǎn)一】考查with/without復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞with/without+名詞/代詞+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語/動詞不定式/分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞）在句中表狀態(tài)或說明背景情況，常作

11、伴隨、方式、原因、條件等狀語。With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.【即學(xué)即練】單項(xiàng)填空It was a pity that the great writer died _ his works unfinished. for B. with C. from D. of解析：選B。考查with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。works 與unfinish之間為動賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞

12、表示被動。如果名詞或代詞與后面的動詞是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動。,【考點(diǎn)二】考查工具、手段、方式介詞（1）by, in, on三詞都可表示旅行的方式不涉及交通工具的名詞時(shí)用by，名詞前不加冠詞。如by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。涉及交通工具的名詞時(shí)用by，名詞須用單數(shù)形式，前面不加冠詞或任何修飾語。如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。當(dāng)旅行方式涉及確定特指的交通工具時(shí)，用on或in，名詞前加冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語。如trave

13、l to New York， in this plane，leave on an early train，go to school ，on my bike等。注意：步行、騎馬、騎駱駝均用on。如on foot，on horseback，on a horse，on the camel。（2）with, by, in三詞均意為“用”，表示行為的工具、手段或方式。with用于有形的工具或身體某些器官之前，其后的名詞多被冠詞、物主代詞等修飾。They are digging with a pick/spade.We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and

14、walk with our legs.,by, in, on, over, through等介詞多用于無形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。注意：使用語言、原料、材料時(shí)，用in表示，如in English/Japanese；in blue ink等。表達(dá)“用方法/式”時(shí)，所用介詞有：in this/that/the same way，by means of，by this/that means，with this/that method等?！究键c(diǎn)三】考查of

15、+抽象名詞的用法“of+抽象名詞”的用法與形容詞相同，在句中可作表語、定語、補(bǔ)語。of + great / much +抽象名詞=very+名詞的形容詞形式of + no + 抽象名詞=not+名詞的形容詞形式It is of great value.=It is very valuable.It is of no use.=It is useless. The camel is of great help（=very helpful) to the Arab.,【考點(diǎn)四】考查表示程度的介詞 by, to, beyondby 表示“增加了”；from表示“從增加”；beyond表示“范圍, 限

16、度超出”。to表示“增加到”This new model of car is so expensive that it is beyond the reach of those with average incomes.【即學(xué)即練】單項(xiàng)填空Sorry, Madam. Youd better come tomorrow because its _ the visiting hours.A. during B. at C. beyond D. before解析：選C?？疾榻樵~的用法。句意為：對不起，女士，你最好明天來，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)過了開放時(shí)間了。beyond（時(shí)間）晚于，遲于?！究键c(diǎn)五】考查介詞but

17、的固定搭配 have no choice but to do只得做某事； cant help but do不得不做； cant but do不得不只能； cant choose but do只得做某事； but for/ but that要不是。,【考點(diǎn)六】考查to ones+情感類名詞 to 與情感類名詞連用，表示“某人因某事的發(fā)生而喚起其內(nèi)心的某種情感”。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：toonesdelight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regretto the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb.。 這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果

18、，用作狀語，通常置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。若要加強(qiáng)該結(jié)構(gòu)的語氣，有兩種方式：在名詞前加great, deep等形容詞修飾；在整個短語前加副詞greatly, much等修飾。toones（great / deep) delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joymuch / greatly to ones delight/surpriseTo his disappointment, he failed again.【考點(diǎn)七】考查名詞與to構(gòu)成的固定搭配key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等

19、與to構(gòu)成固定搭配：the key/approach/solution/answer/entrance/visit/attitude to.。It is said that they have adopted a new approach to teaching English.,【考點(diǎn)八】考查介詞by的用法(1)by+地點(diǎn)名詞。表示方位，意為“在旁邊”。注意：表示“從旁邊經(jīng)過”時(shí),多與動詞go/walk/pass等詞連用。(2)by+時(shí)間名詞，意為“到時(shí)（已發(fā)生某事）；最晚,不遲于,在之前”,此時(shí)謂語多用完成時(shí)。(3)by+名詞。可用來表示方法、方式、手段等。by + the+可數(shù)名詞(時(shí)間

20、、長度、重量等),意為“按計(jì)算;按買(賣)”。by+表示交通工具、交通方式名詞（名詞前不加冠詞，不用復(fù)數(shù)）,意為“通過；由；乘”。by+抽象名詞或具有抽象意義的普通名詞（名詞前不加冠詞，不用復(fù)數(shù)），意為“靠；通過；由所致”。by+動詞-ing，意為“通過；靠；憑”。,(4)by+數(shù)量詞。表示升降、增減的程度。表示距離和面積、體積中的尺寸及乘除法中的運(yùn)算。(5)by+身體部位/衣服類名詞。表示被抓住身體/衣物的某一部分，常與catch /seize /take /hold /grab等動詞連用。It takes a long time to go there by train; its quic

21、ker by road.The man entered the room by the back door.Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.,考點(diǎn)九：1、 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí) at, in, on 的區(qū)別1 My uncle lives _ 116 Changhe Street. His room is _ the sixth floor. A. at; on B. to; at C. on; in D. of; toNotes: at 表示在較小的地方(村莊, 小城鎮(zhèn),門牌); 在某物旁(不確定

22、的地方) in 表示在較大的地方(國家,城市); 在某物范圍內(nèi).(地點(diǎn)的排列順序是由小到大. on 表示在某物上(表面接觸); road 前用on, street前用in; 樓層用on; farm前用on, field前用in.on the road, in the street, on the floor, on the farm, in the field,A,考點(diǎn)九：2、表示時(shí)間時(shí) at, in, on的區(qū)別2 The train leaves _ 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _ 5:40 at the latest. A. at; un

23、til B. for; after C. at; by D. before; around3 The old man died _ cold _ a cold night.A. from; at B. of; in C. of; on D. for; during4 The railway was opened _ traffic _ April 4, 1985.A. to; on B. to; in C. by; on D. for; on at表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)(在幾點(diǎn),中午;午夜;夜里;某日期或一段時(shí)間的開頭或結(jié)尾)(at sunrise; at the weekend; at Christma

24、s) on 表示在特定的某一天或某天的上午,下午,晚上等 in 表示一段時(shí)間.后接月,年,季等表一段時(shí)間的名詞.,C,C,A,考點(diǎn)十：表持續(xù)時(shí)間的since, for, in, after的區(qū)別5 His father will be back from London _ a few days.A. since B. in C. on D. after6 - How long has the bookshop been in business? - _ 1987.A. After B. In C. From D. Since7 The touch they had both kept in _

25、 many years broke.A. for B. on C. into D. with since 接過去的某時(shí)間點(diǎn), 常用于完成時(shí). for 接一段具體的時(shí)間, 常用于完成時(shí). in + 一段時(shí)間與非延續(xù)性動詞連用,表一段時(shí)間以后,多 用于將來時(shí); 與延續(xù)性動詞連用,表一段時(shí)間內(nèi),時(shí)態(tài)不限. after + 一段時(shí)間,常用于過去時(shí).,B,D,A,考點(diǎn)十一：表方位的介詞in, on, to, off的區(qū)別8 Guangdong lies _ the south of China and Fujian is _ the east of it. Hainan is _ the coast o

26、f the mainland.A. in; in; on B. in; on; off C. on; to; on D. in; to; away in 表示在境內(nèi). on 表示相鄰或在邊界上, 不在境內(nèi). to 表示在境外, 不接壤. off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方.,B,考點(diǎn)十二：介詞 among 和 between 的區(qū)別He divided the sweets _ the children who were divided _ three groups.A. in; in B. into; into C. between; in D. among; intoHe divided

27、the sweets _ Mary and Lily. among 表示三個或以上的人或物之間,后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或集體名詞. between 用于兩者之間, 或三個以上的兩兩之間(具體的名詞已經(jīng)列出),D,between,考點(diǎn)十三：表示運(yùn)動方向或目的的介詞 9 _ the gate and youll find the entrance _ the park _ the other side.A. Through; to; on B. Along; of; on C. Down; to; at D. Up; of; by10 Early _ the morning of May 1, we sta

28、rted off _ the mountain village. A. in; for B. in; to C. on; / D. on; for across 表示穿過物體表面,或橫過. through 表示在某一空間通過,或縱向穿過. along 表示沿著一條線平行. up 表示向上,由南到北,由東到西,由沿海到內(nèi)陸,由小地方到大地方,由農(nóng)村到城市. 反之則用down. to 表示動作的目的地; towards指朝向,無到達(dá)的意思; for表示前往的目的,連用的動詞有l(wèi)eave, start off, set out, head, sail 等.,A,D,考點(diǎn)十四：表示除之外的介詞11 H

29、e usually goes to work on time _. A. except for raining days B. besides it rains C. but that it rains D. except on rainy days_ basketball, I like playing Pingpang. You have no choice _ to work hard. Li Long is a good student _ his laziness. except for 表示除去整體中的部分, “只是, 只不過” besides 表示包含, 除 之外還有 excep

30、t 表示排除, 除 之外 but 表示排除, 多與nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等連用.,D,Besides,but,except for,考點(diǎn)十五：表示價(jià)格,比率,標(biāo)準(zhǔn),速度的介詞(for,at, by,) We are flying _ a speed of 400kms/hr. I bought these books _ 5 dollars each. I bought these books _ 30 dollars. He is paid _ the week. Eggs are sold _

31、 weight. at 表示價(jià)值，價(jià)格, 比率或速度, 表單價(jià). for 表示交換, 指總價(jià)錢 by 表示度量單位或標(biāo)準(zhǔn). 后接表計(jì)量單位的名詞一般是單數(shù),前面需加定冠詞the.,at,at,for,by,by,1. Sean has formed the habit of jogging _ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day. (2010上海)A. between B. along C. below D. with解析：選B。考查介詞的用法。句意為：Sean已經(jīng)形成了每天沿著綠蔭大道慢跑兩小時(shí)的習(xí)慣。along沿著；順著。2. My

32、father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. (2010天津)A. by B. on C. for D. against解析：選D?？疾榻樵~的用法。句意為：父親警告我不要去西海岸，因?yàn)槟抢飻D滿了游客。warn sb. against doing sth.相當(dāng)于warn sb. not to do sth.，表示“警告某人不要干某事”。3. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree.(2010四川)in B. bel

33、ow C. beside D. against解析：選D。考查介詞的用法。句意為：累壞了，吉姆背靠著一棵大樹，很快就睡著了。against倚著，靠著；below在下方；beside在旁邊；in在里面或（時(shí)間）之后。,4. I agree to his suggestion _ the condition that he drops all charges. (2010遼寧)A. by B. in C. on D. to 解析：選C?？疾樘厥膺B詞和介詞的用法。句意為：我同意他的建議，條件是他應(yīng)降低所有的費(fèi)用。介詞on和the condition that搭配起連詞作用，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“條件是，以為條件”。5. Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are _ everyones enjoyment. (2