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1、語法專題（一）,名 詞,名詞要點(diǎn)精講,名詞是高考的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。從語法和詞匯兩個方面來考察其用法，在單項選擇、完形、改錯中都可感知高考中名詞的考查點(diǎn)。,專有名詞主要是指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。,名詞,專有名詞(Proper Nouns),普通名詞(Common Nouns),個體名詞(Individual Nouns),集體名詞(Collective Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns),抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns),不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountabl

2、e Nouns),可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。,Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱,Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫,Common Nouns：一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞,1. Individual Nouns: 指作為個體而存在的人或東西,可以指具體的人

3、或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象東西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干個個體組成的集合體,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來說，視為整體時作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時作復(fù)數(shù)看。,His family _ not large. (be),Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be),在一些情況下，

4、集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動詞都可以用，沒什么差別。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,is,are,有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,個別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,3. Material Nouns: 指無法分為個體的物質(zhì)。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; dete

5、rgent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：,1) 有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 兩份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一種）,2)個別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。,Eg: rains （雨季）sands （沙灘） snows (積雪）waters(海域),4.Abstract Nouns:表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感

6、情等抽象概念,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。,Failure is the mother of success. (失敗與成功在此為抽象概念）As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure bec

7、ause she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者，失敗者，可數(shù)),名詞的數(shù),不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。,可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種：,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以專有名詞+y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加-s.Eg:boys; toys; Henrys,*3: 以元音+oeg: vid

8、eos; studios以oo結(jié)尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos一些外來詞(特別是音樂方面的詞) eg: pianos一些縮寫詞 eg: kilos; photos; memos一些專有名詞 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos,直接在詞尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe結(jié)尾只加-s的詞：proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs; chiefs,handkerchief（手帕，手絹）的復(fù)數(shù)形式兩者都可以。,單復(fù)數(shù)相同的情況：,sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese

9、;Japanese以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、貨幣等單位的名詞。Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu,只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：,trousers(褲子); glasses(眼鏡); compasses(圓規(guī)) a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle,復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：,1.詞末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.兩個組成部分皆變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：women doctors;

10、men cooks* 這種形式的第一個名詞必須是man或woman,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：,有些外來詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式：,有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。,glass ( 玻璃 )copper ( 銅 )tin ( 錫 )paper ( 紙 )iron (鐵 )wood ( 木頭 )gold (金子 )youth (青春 )power ( 力量 )beauty ( 美 )pleasure( 愉快 )relation(關(guān)系）,a glass ( 玻璃杯 )a copper ( 銅幣板 )a tin ( 罐頭 )a paper ( 報紙，證件，論文 )an iron (熨斗 )a wood ( 樹林

11、)a gold (金牌 )a youth (年青人 )a power ( 大國 )a beauty ( 美人，美的東西 )a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 )a relation(親戚）,英語中有許多對詞，一個可數(shù)，一個不可數(shù)。,a poem(一首詩 )a machine(一臺機(jī)器 )a job(一件工作 )a laugh(一個笑聲 )a permit(許可證 )a garment (一件衣裳 )a bag(case) (一件行李 )a loaf (一只面包 )a hair(一根頭發(fā) ),oetry(詩歌總稱 )machinery(機(jī)器總稱 )work(工作 )laughter(笑聲

12、)permission(允許 )clothing(衣裳總稱 )luggage, baggage(行李 )bread(面包 )hair( 頭發(fā)),幾個名詞的特殊用法,hair_. （他的頭發(fā)是白的。）_. （他有幾根白的頭發(fā)。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.,policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen, scoretwo

13、(many, several) dozen pencilsthree _ them / these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of people,dozen of,word（消息，通知）, man（人類），前面不加冠詞，也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用單數(shù)。,名詞的格,所有格的形式： 一般的名詞所有格在后面加 s，如： Marys book 以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格在后面僅加 ，如： Teachers Day, the students reading-room 以 s 結(jié)尾的專有名詞所有格，如： Engelss wor

14、ks 或Engels works,s 結(jié)尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的東西的名詞。但有時其它的名詞也可以，如：todays newspaper, fifteen minutes ride等與時間有關(guān)的名詞。凡不能加 s 構(gòu)成所有格的名詞，都可以與 of 結(jié)成短語，來表示所有格關(guān)系。就是有生命的東西的名詞也可如此，特別是當(dāng)這個名詞有較長的定語時。如： Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?,一個名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經(jīng)提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重復(fù)。如： This is not my pen, but Marys.有

15、時某些 s 結(jié)尾的所有格形式可以表示地點(diǎn)，如某人的家或店鋪、教堂等： We can meet at Marys. He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday. I had the dress made at the tailors at the corner of the street. Last week we visited St. Pauls.,名詞所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake.She was at

16、her wits end.Now they could sing at their hearts content.We should get the children out of harms way.We had best keep them at arms length.For goodness sake,stop arguing.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(為了友誼）,（黔驢技窮）,（盡情地）,（不受損害）,（保持距離）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,名詞在句子中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語、補(bǔ)語等。名詞作定語時，需注意： an

17、 enemy soldier several _ a boy student three _ a man teacher three _ a woman doctor three _ _ （一家鞋店）,名詞在句子中的作用,enemy soldiers,boy students,men teachers,women doctors,a shoe store,heart trouble snow mountain hearty welcome snowy table-cloth rain drops stone house rainy season stony heart rose garden

18、rosy face gold ring golden sunshine/times/age/wedding,用名詞作定語和用形容詞作定語的比較：,1. _ turn green in spring. (NMET 1986) A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (NMET 1993)3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ cl

19、othes. (上海 1993) A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot,歷年高考試題,4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET 1995) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _

20、. A. energy B. source C. power D. material (上海 1996)6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. (NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . (上海 1998) A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents

21、 always let me have my own _ of living. (上海 1998) A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol (上海 1998),10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海 1998)A

22、. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. (上海 1998) A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . (上海 2000) A. rewar

23、ds B. prizes C. awards D. results,13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. (上海 2001) A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . (上海 2001)A. range B. reach C. control D.

24、distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities,16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海 2002)17. To regain their _ after an exhausting gam

25、e, the players lay in the grass. (上海 2002) A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation (上海 2002),19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. (上海

26、2002) A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. (上海 2002) A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. - There is no _ for this whi

27、le you are on duty. (上海 2003)A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation,22. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. Aidea Bsense Cthought Dthinking (2003北京春季)23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children. (2004湖北) A. hand B. reach C. space D.

28、distance24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. (2004上海) A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance,25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. (2004上海春季) A . a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance (2004上海春季),