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1、2Frankly Speaking About Lung Cancer“What You Need to Know About Lung Cancer&Its Treatment”3Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerPowerful facts:177,000 cases annually Lung cancer is the#1 cause of cancer-related deaths by far in the U.S.more than breast,prostate,and colon cancer combined.4Frankly Speaki

2、ng About Lung CancerRisk Factors:Smoking(90%of all cases)Second-hand smoke(25%of non-smoker cases)Occupational/environmental5Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC)Comprises 85%of all lung cancersTypes of NSCLC:Adenocarcinoma(most common)Squamous cellBronchoalveolar Carci

3、nomaLarge Cell CarcinomaAdenosquamous 6Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerSmall Cell Lung Cancer(SCLC)Comprises 15-20%of all lung cancersSpreads more aggressively than NSCLCIs more responsive to chemotherapyFrequently found in smokers or former smokers7Frankly Speaking About Lung Cancer Stages of Non

4、-Small Cell Lung CancerStage Iconfined to lung tissue aloneStage IIlung tissue and lymph nodes in lungStage IIIlung tissue and lymph nodes outside of the lungStage IVdistant spread(liver,adrenal glands,bone,brain,other sites)8Frankly Speaking About Lung Cancer LUNG CANCER STAGING(TNM)T=Primary tumor

5、 size(T1-T4)N=Lymph node involvement(N1-N3)M=Distant metastasis(M0-M1)9Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerTreatment of Stage I NSCLCEvaluate for surgerySurgery alone is the standard of carePathologic stage I:67%cureClinical trials are evaluating the value of adjuvant(after surgery)therapy10Frankly Sp

6、eaking About Lung CancerTreatment of Stage II NSCLCEvaluate for type of surgerySurgery alone is the standard of carePathologic stage II:40-50%cureClinical trials are evaluating the value of adjuvant(after surgery)therapy11Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerTheoretical Advantages of Combining Differen

7、t Types of Cancer TherapiesChemotherapy:Controls micro-metastases that may be responsible for systemic recurrence after“successful”surgeryActs synergistically with XRT to downstage NSCLC and make tumor-free margin surgery more likelyRadiation Therapy“Sterilizes”surgical margins making local recurren

8、ce less likely 12Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerSummary:Treatment Stage I&II NSCLCSurgery is the standard of careNeoadjuvant(given before surgery)therapy is promisingAdjuvant(given after surgery)chemotherapy or radiation therapy show no improvement13Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerStage III Non

9、-Small Cell Lung Cancer2 types:Stage IIIA and Stage IIIBRadiation alone was the standard care until 1990sChemotherapy+radiation is the new standard based on results of clinical trialsNewer radiation techniques minimize side effects of treatment 14Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerTreatment of Stage

10、III NSCLC Chemo+radiation=standard of care Role of surgery is undefined Unanswered questions:-Which chemo is best?How does one decide?-When&how should chemotherapy be given?-When&how should radiation be given?15Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerStage III A Non-Small Cell Lung CancerBulky vs.minimal

11、diseaseChemotherapy+radiationCommonly used chemotherapy drugs:Platinum-basedNon-platinum basedRole of surgery undefined16Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerStage III B Non-Small Cell Lung CancerPleural effusion affects treatment planChemotherapy+radiation or radiation aloneCommonly used chemotherapy

12、drugs:Platinum-basedNon-platinum based17Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerTreatment of Stage IIIB-IV NSCLCReduce Chemotherapy ToxicityRecent study:Combination of 2 drugs provide same benefit as 3,but with fewer side effects:Less nausea/vomitingLess hair lossLess nerve damageLower risk of infectionGe

13、mcitabine+vinorelbine slightly less toxicity but equivalent response (Cancer,Vol.95,No.6,2002)18Frankly Speaking About Lung Cancer Stage IV NSCLC NCI Recommended First-Line Chemotherapy:gemcitabine+cisplatinpaclitaxel+carboplatin or cisplatinvinorelbine+cisplatindocetaxel+cisplatinOther drug combina

14、tions19Frankly Speaking About Lung CancerTreatment of Recurrent NSCLCChallenges of decision-making General health status of the patientSeveral treatment options with equivalent results but widely varying side effectsBalancing quality of life with side effectsPatients goals and wishes20Treatment of S

15、mall Cell Lung CancerLimited stage:chemo+xrt=standard of careetoposide+cisplatin+radiationcisplatin+irinotecanExtensive stage:first-line chemotherapyetoposide(VP-16)+cisplatin(or carboplatin)+radiationcisplatin+irinotecanCAV,CAE in clinical trials21Treatment of Recurrent Small Cell Lung CancerPossib

16、le Chemotherapy Agents:topotecan(Hycamtin):only FDA-approved drug for recurrent diseaseoral etoposide(VP-16)paclitaxel(Taxol)irinotecan/CPT-11(Camptosar)CAVothers in clinical trialsPalliative radiation to relieve symptoms22Newer Strategies:Targeted TherapyChemotherapy targets general features of cells,including both cancer cells and normal cellsNormal cells usually recover,while cancer cells may notHowever,chemotherapy is associated with side effects23Epidermal Growth Factor ReceptorsAngiogenesi