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1、Unit 2 Research and Development研究和開發(fā)Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the t

2、erms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting th

3、ose ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be market

4、ed as a new drug could be described as the development part.研究和開發(fā)，或通常所稱R&D是制造業(yè)各個部門都要進行的一項活動。我們馬上可以看到，它的內容變化很大。我們首先了解或先感覺一下這個詞的含義。盡管研究和開發(fā)的定義總是分得不很清楚，而且有許多重疊的部分，我們還是要試著把它們區(qū)分開來。簡單說來，研究是產生新思想和新知識的活動，而開發(fā)則是把這些思想貫徹到實踐中得到新工藝和新產品的行為。可以用一個例子來描述這一點，預測一個有特殊生物活性的分子結構并合成它可以看成是研究而測試它并把它發(fā)展到可以作為一種新藥推向市場這一階段則看作開發(fā)部分。1

5、. Fundamental Research and Applied ResearchIn industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the companys position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to pro

6、vide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years.1 基礎研究和應用研究在工業(yè)上進行研究和開發(fā)最主要的原因是經濟利益方面，是為了加強公司的地位，提高公司的利潤。R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知識以減低不確定性，解決問題，以及向管理層提供更好的數(shù)據(jù)以便他們能據(jù)此做出決定。特別的項目涵蓋很大的活動范圍和時間范圍，從幾個月到20年。We can

7、 pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compou

8、nds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research.我們可以在后面的段落里舉出大量的R&D活動。但是如果我們舉出的點子來源于研究院而不是工業(yè)化學家的頭腦，這就是基礎的或探索性的研究Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate app

9、lications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable training in defining and solving problems, i.e. research methodology for the research student who carries it out under supervision. However, later “spin offs” from such work can lead to useful applications. Th

10、us physicists claim that but for the study and development of quantum theory we might not have had computers and nuclear power. However, to take a specifically chemical example, general studies on a broad area such as hydrocarbon oxidation might provide information which would be useful in more spec

11、ific areas such as cyclohexane oxidation for the production of nylon intermediates.基礎研究通常與大學研究聯(lián)系在一起，它可能是由于對其內在的興趣而進行研究并且這種研究能夠拓寬知識范圍，但在現(xiàn)實世界中的直接應用可能性是很小的。請注意，這種以內就在提出和解決問題方面提供了極有價值的訓練，比如，在指導下完成研究工作的學生所接受的研究方法學（的訓練）。而且，從這些工作中產生的“有用的副產品”隨后也能帶來可觀的使用價值。因此，物理學家宣稱要不是量子理論的研究和發(fā)展我們可能仍然沒有計算機和核能量。不管怎樣，舉一個特殊的化學方

12、面的例子吧，在各個領域如烴的氧化方面所做的廣泛的研究將為一些特殊的領域如環(huán)己烯氧化生成尼龍中間產物提供有用的信息。Aspects of synthesis could involve either developing new, more specific reagents for controlling particular functional group interconversions, i.e. developing synthetic methodology or complete synthesis of an entirely new molecule which is bio

13、logically active. Although the former is clearly fundamental the latter encompasses both this and applied aspects. This term applied has traditionally been more associated with research out in industrial laboratories, since this is more focused or targeted. It is a consequence of the work being busi

14、ness driven.通過合成可以生產出一些新的、更特殊的試劑以控制特殊的官能團轉換，即發(fā)展合成方法或完成一些具有生物活性的新分子的合成。盡管前者顯然屬于基礎性研究而后者則包括基礎研究和實用性研究兩部分。所謂“實用性”習慣上是指與在工業(yè)實驗室完成的研究聯(lián)系在一起的，因為它更具目的性，它是商業(yè)行為驅動的結果。Note, however, that there has been a major change in recent years as academic institutions have increasingly turned to industry for research fund

15、ing, with the result that much more of their research effort is mow devoted to more applied research. Even so, in academia the emphasis generally is very much on the research rather than the development.然而，請注意。近幾年有很大的變化，大學研究機構正越來越多地轉向工業(yè)界尋求研究經費，其結果就是他們的研究工作越來越多地是致力于實用研究。即使這樣，學院工作的重點通常還是在于研究而不是開發(fā)。2. T

16、ypes of Industrial Research and DevelopmentThe applied or more targeted type of research and development commonly carried out in industry can be of several types and we will briefly consider each. They are: ()product development, () process development, () process improvement and () applications development. Even under these headings there are a multitude of aspects so only a typical example can be quoted in each case. The emphasis on each o