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1、management systems and measures established by, and a number of pragmatic, combined part-time workforce education information, the protection of the digital campus construction and sustainable development. Six Bureau attaches great importance to information technology security, information technolog
2、y security, entrust XX City Center for educational information and equipment dedicated to the work. Network security leading group was set up, chaired by the Education Bureau Chief, head, for XX education Metro-network and information security emergency response leadership. Deputy group leader for X
3、X educational metropolitan area network and information security emergency response coordination, command. The team assist leader and deputy leader, responsible for network XX network security and information . Team. Information security work Conference held each semester, and deployment of informat
4、ion security of documents issued on a regular basis. Information security assessment is included in the annual index. Strictly implement the information security budget to ensure information security of investment. By XX, education information and equipment Centre XX network network security and inf
5、ormation security. According to the information technology security requirements, issued a document requires schools (units) implement, defined the information security guidelines, specific work practices, procedures, and requirements. Clear industry information security incidents (accidents) to det
6、ect, report and disposal processes. According to self-examination, the school (units) basic established has network security management system; the school (units) according to this units actual, established has units personnel management, information system room management, and equipment management,
7、 and media management, and network security construction management, and shipped dimension management, and service outsourcing, management system; developed has computer and the network of network security responsibility held system, signed has network security responsibility; website of information
8、 management personnel is responsible for confidential management, password management, on computer enjoys independent right, User name and password of the computer for its proprietary, and release of provisions is prohibited, such as leaks, investigated for responsibility. According to who is in cha
9、rge of whos in charge, who is running and who is responsible for, who uses principles of who is in charge of management schools (units) defined the roles and responsibilities of information security, assurance responsibilities to schools. XX city schools (units) total site 20, 19 of which were not c
10、lassified security protection assessment, of which 1 (XX education and resource network) for classified security protection levels, without third-level information systems. Total education information systems 1 (XX education cloud platform), contains features with e-Government, resource library, tes
11、t database, mail services, such as e-books, all intranet services. No for grade protection grading record and evaluation of school (units), requirements the school (units) according to information security grade protection about policy and standard, organization carried out information security grad
12、e protection security management system construction, and technology measures construction and grade evaluation, implementation grade protection system of the requirements, makes information system security management level obviouslyfacility up to 160 million Yuan, according to the standard, high qu
13、ality planning XX educational metropolitan area network realizes Wan Zhaokuan to schools, hundreds of megabytes of broadband to the table, wire (ie: Web, video, audio) to the target, electronic whiteboards, multimedia classrooms, remote interactive video teaching system of modern educational equipme
14、nt in the classroom. . With Intel company on XX Education City domain network of topic case design, relies on Cisco company thought Shu aid chuan project staff free provides has three years technology support, from 2009 began, according to high standards, and high of work thought, and manpower plann
15、ing, and points step implementation, using school earthquake Hou reconstruction of opportunities, again planning elementary and middle schools campus network and education city domain network, and local broadcasting network company cooperation, using broadcast TV network, will physical fiber laying
16、to each school, to minimum of cost achieved has physical fiber school school pass; Each school construction standards of campus network and network access to all rooms; XX education metropolitan area network center machine room equipment in the Ministry of education standardization management platfo
17、rm, the Central Library of audio-visual education resources, set up a Chinese teacher education cloud platform, implemented links the two platforms. At present, the citys primary and middle school students to computer 3198, vitality than 10:1; 809 equipment classes through the classroom (primary and
18、 secondary); 36 of the campus network. The establishment of an advanced, practical Gigabit educational metropolitan area network, the citys schools have access to educational metropolitan area network, schools have computer networks, closed-circuit television network, broadcast networks into the cla
19、ssrooms, realize the triple play. Schools share Internet bandwidth, can meet the needs of teaching of the school office and at any time. According to Ministry of education on full started implementation teaching points digital education resources full cover project of notification (taught technical
20、letter (2012) 74th,) and XX Province Department of education on issued XX province teaching points digital education resources full cover project implementation views of notification (chuan taught letter (2013) 18th,) requirements, I city 6 a teaching points implementation teaching points digital ed
21、ucation resources full cover project, combined I city specific situation, developed issued has XX City Bureau on teaching points digital resources full cover project of implementation programme, Established XX, full coverage of digital resources in modern distance education teaching project leading
22、group, XX, chaired the Secretary for education. Established, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, XX full coverage project group, XX, Director of the Center for educational information and equipment chaired Zhu Guiyan, responsible for distance education digital resources covering
23、 project work. Projects in XX city school digital resources in modern distance education teaching full-coverage project leading group, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, and XX full coverage project group leadership and organization, in accordance with the unified arrangement o
24、f the whole province, responsible for university education digital resources covering project management and implementation. According to provinces arrangements, I Center has arrangements Gong氣硬性膠凝材料 知識(shí)點(diǎn)1石灰、石膏、水玻璃的特性及應(yīng)用。2以上三種氣硬性膠凝材料的凝結(jié)硬化原理。 要求掌握:1石灰、石膏的技術(shù)要求、特性、應(yīng)用及保管。2水玻璃的特性及工程中的應(yīng)用。了解:1膠凝材料的分類。2石灰、石膏
25、、水玻璃的生產(chǎn)工藝及對(duì)性能的影響。在建筑工程中,把經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的物理、化學(xué)作用后,由液體或膏狀體變?yōu)閳?jiān)硬的固體,同時(shí)能將砂、石、磚、砌塊等散?;驂K狀材料膠結(jié)成具有一定機(jī)械強(qiáng)度的整體的材料,統(tǒng)稱為膠凝材料。膠凝材料品種繁多,按化學(xué)成分可分為有機(jī)膠凝材料和無(wú)機(jī)膠凝材料兩大類,其中無(wú)機(jī)膠凝材料按硬化條件又可分為水硬性膠凝材料和氣硬性膠凝材料兩類。所謂氣硬性膠凝材料,是指只能在空氣中硬化并保持或繼續(xù)提高其強(qiáng)度的膠凝材料,如石灰、石膏、水玻璃等。氣硬性膠凝材料一般只適合用于地上或干燥環(huán)境,不宜用于潮濕環(huán)境,更不可用于水中。水硬性膠凝材料是指不僅能在空氣中硬化,而且能更好地在水中硬化并保持或繼續(xù)提高其強(qiáng)度的
26、膠凝材料,如水泥。水硬性膠凝材料既適用于地上,也適用于地下或水中。3.1 石灰石灰是建筑工程中使用較早的礦物膠凝材料之一。由于其原料來(lái)源廣泛,生產(chǎn)工藝簡(jiǎn)單,成本低廉,具有其特定的工程性能,所以至今仍廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑工程中。3.1.1 石灰的生產(chǎn)1.原料生產(chǎn)石灰的原料有兩種:一是天然原料,以碳酸鈣為主要成分的礦物、巖石(如石灰?guī)r、白云巖)或貝殼等;一是化工副產(chǎn)品,如電石渣(是碳化鈣制取乙炔時(shí)產(chǎn)生的,其主要成分是氫氧化鈣)。而主要原料是天然的石灰?guī)r。2.生產(chǎn)過(guò)程將主要成分為碳酸鈣和碳酸鎂的巖石經(jīng)高溫鍛燒(加熱至900以上),逸出CO2氣體,得到的白色或灰白色的塊狀材料即為生石灰,其主要化學(xué)成分為氧化
27、鈣和氧化鎂。CaCO3 CaO + CO2在上述反應(yīng)過(guò)程中,CaCO3、CaO、CO2的質(zhì)量比為1005644,即質(zhì)量減少44%,而在正常煅燒過(guò)程中,體積只減少約15%,所以生石灰具有多孔結(jié)構(gòu)。石灰的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,對(duì)質(zhì)量有影響的因素有:煅燒的溫度和時(shí)間、石灰?guī)r中碳酸鎂的含量及黏土雜質(zhì)含量。碳酸鈣在900時(shí)開(kāi)始分解,但速度較慢。所以,煅燒溫度宜控制在10001100左右。溫度較低、煅燒時(shí)間不足、石灰?guī)r原料尺寸過(guò)大、裝料過(guò)多等因素,會(huì)產(chǎn)生欠火石灰。欠火石灰中CaCO3尚未完全分解,未分解的CaCO3,沒(méi)有活性,從而降低了石灰的有效成分含量;溫度過(guò)高或煅燒時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí),則會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)火石灰。因?yàn)殡S煅燒溫度的
28、提高和時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),已分解的CaO體積收縮,毛體積密度增大,質(zhì)地致密,熟化速度慢。若原料中含有較多的SiO2和Al2O3等黏土雜質(zhì),則會(huì)在表面形成熔融的玻璃物質(zhì),從而使石灰與水反應(yīng)的速度變得更慢(需數(shù)天或數(shù)月)。過(guò)火石灰如用于工程上,其細(xì)小顆粒會(huì)在已經(jīng)硬化的漿體中吸收水分,發(fā)生水化反應(yīng)而體積膨脹,引起局部鼓泡或脫落,影響工程質(zhì)量。在石灰的原料中,除主要成分碳酸鈣外,常含有碳酸鎂。MgCO3 MgO + CO2煅燒過(guò)程中碳酸鎂分解出氧化鎂,存在于石灰中。根據(jù)石灰中氧化鎂含量多少,將石灰分為鈣質(zhì)石灰、鎂質(zhì)石灰。鎂質(zhì)石灰熟化較慢,但硬化后強(qiáng)度稍高。用于建筑工程中的多為鈣質(zhì)石灰。3.1.2 石灰的熟化1
29、.熟化過(guò)程塊狀生石灰在使用前都要加水消解,這一過(guò)程稱為“消解”或“熟化”,也可稱之為“淋灰”,經(jīng)消解后的石灰稱為“消石灰”或“熟石灰”,其化學(xué)反應(yīng)式為CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 64.88J生石灰在熟化過(guò)程有二個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn):一是體積膨脹大(約12.5倍);二是放熱量大,放熱速度快。煅燒良好、氧化鈣含量高、雜質(zhì)含量小的生石灰,其熟化速度快,放熱量和體積增大也多。此外,熟化速度還取決于及熟化池中的溫度,溫度高,熟化速度快。2.熟化方法(1)經(jīng)過(guò)篩與陳伏后制成石灰膏石灰中不可避免含有未分解的碳酸鈣及過(guò)火的石灰顆粒。為消除這類雜質(zhì)的危害,石灰膏在使用前應(yīng)進(jìn)行過(guò)篩和陳伏。即在化灰池或熟化機(jī)中
30、加水,拌制成石灰漿,熟化的氫氧化鈣經(jīng)篩網(wǎng)過(guò)濾(除渣)流入儲(chǔ)灰池,在儲(chǔ)灰池中沉淀陳伏成膏狀材料,即石灰膏。為保證石灰充分熟化,必須在儲(chǔ)灰池中儲(chǔ)存半個(gè)月后再使用,這一過(guò)程稱為陳伏。陳伏期間,石灰膏表面應(yīng)保留一層水,或用其它材料覆蓋,避免石灰膏與空氣接觸而導(dǎo)致碳化。一般情況下,1kg的生石灰約可化成1.53L的石灰膏。石灰膏可用來(lái)拌制砌筑砂漿、抹面砂漿,也可以摻入較多的水制成石灰乳液用于粉刷。(2)制成消石灰粉將生石灰淋以適當(dāng)?shù)乃獬蓺溲趸},再經(jīng)磨細(xì)、篩分而得干粉,稱為消石灰粉或熟石灰粉。消石灰粉也需放置一段時(shí)間,待進(jìn)一步熟化后使用。由于其熟化未必充分,不宜用于拌制砂漿、灰漿。消石灰粉常用于拌
31、制石灰土、三合土。3.1.3 石灰的硬化石灰漿在空氣中的硬化是物理變化過(guò)程干燥結(jié)晶,和化學(xué)反應(yīng)過(guò)程碳化硬化兩個(gè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的過(guò)程。1.干燥結(jié)晶過(guò)程石灰膏中的游離水分一部分蒸發(fā)掉,一部分被砌體吸收。氫氧化鈣從過(guò)飽和溶液中結(jié)晶析出,晶相顆粒逐漸靠攏結(jié)合成固體,強(qiáng)度隨之提高。2.碳化硬化過(guò)程氫氧化鈣與空氣中的二氧化碳反應(yīng)生成不溶于水的、強(qiáng)度和硬度較高的碳酸鈣,析出的水分逐漸蒸發(fā),其反應(yīng)式為Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + nH2O CaCO3 + (n+1)H2O這個(gè)反應(yīng)實(shí)際是二氧化碳與水結(jié)合形成碳酸,再與氫氧化鈣作用生成碳酸鈣。如果沒(méi)有水,這個(gè)反應(yīng)就不能進(jìn)行。碳化過(guò)程是由表及里,但表層生成的碳酸鈣結(jié)晶阻
32、礙了二氧化碳的深入,也影響了內(nèi)部水分的蒸發(fā),所以碳化過(guò)程長(zhǎng)時(shí)間只限于表面。氫氧化鈣的結(jié)晶作用則主要發(fā)生在內(nèi)部。石灰硬化過(guò)程的二個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)是:一是硬化速度慢;二是體積收縮大。從以上的石灰硬化過(guò)程可以看出,石灰的硬化只能在空氣中進(jìn)行,也只能在空氣中才能繼續(xù)發(fā)展提高其強(qiáng)度,所以石灰只能用于干燥環(huán)境的地面上建筑物、構(gòu)筑物,而不能用于水中或潮濕環(huán)境中。3.1.4 石灰的分類1.根據(jù)成品加工方法不同分塊狀生石灰:原料經(jīng)煅燒而得到的塊狀白色原成品(主要成分CaO)。生石灰粉:以塊狀生石灰為原料,經(jīng)研磨制得的生石灰粉(主要成分CaO)。消石灰粉:以生石灰為原料,經(jīng)水化和加工制得的消石灰粉主要成分Ca(OH)2
33、。2.按化學(xué)成分(MgO含量)分根據(jù)石灰中MgO含量,可分為鈣質(zhì)石灰與鎂質(zhì)石灰,見(jiàn)表3.1。表3.1 MgO含量鈣 質(zhì)鎂 質(zhì)鈣 質(zhì)鎂 質(zhì)生石灰5%5%消石灰粉4%4%24%生石灰粉白云石消石灰粉24%30%3.按熟化速度分熟化速度是指石灰從加水起到達(dá)到最高溫度所經(jīng)的時(shí)間??焓焓遥菏旎俣仍?0min以內(nèi)。中熟石灰:熟化速度在1030min。慢熟石灰:熟化速度在30min以上。熟化速度不同,所采用的熟化方法也不同,如快熟石灰應(yīng)先在池中注好水,然后慢慢加入生石灰,以免池中溫度過(guò)高,既影響熟化石灰的質(zhì)量,也易對(duì)施工人員造成傷害。而慢熟石灰則應(yīng)先加生石灰,再慢慢向池中注水,以保持池中有較高的溫度,從
34、而保證石灰的熟化速度。3.1.5 石灰的技術(shù)性能及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建筑生石灰根據(jù)有效氧化鈣和有效氧化鎂的含量、二氧化碳含量、未消化殘?jiān)恳约爱a(chǎn)漿量劃分為優(yōu)等品、一等品和合格品。各等級(jí)的技術(shù)要求見(jiàn)表3.2。表3.2 建筑生石灰的技術(shù)指標(biāo)(JC/T479-1992)項(xiàng) 目鈣質(zhì)生石灰粉鎂質(zhì)生石灰粉優(yōu)等品一等品合格品優(yōu)等品一等品合格品CaO+MgO含量 /%,908580858075未消化殘?jiān)浚?mm圓孔篩余) /%,5101551015CO2含量 /%,5796810產(chǎn)漿量 /L/,2.82.32.02.82.32.0建筑生石灰粉根據(jù)有效氧化鈣和有效氧化鎂含量、二氧化碳含量及細(xì)度劃分為優(yōu)等品、一等品和合格
35、品。各等級(jí)的技術(shù)要求見(jiàn)表3.3。表3.3 建筑生石灰粉的技術(shù)指標(biāo)(JC/T480-1992)項(xiàng) 目鈣質(zhì)生石灰粉鎂質(zhì)生石灰粉優(yōu)等品一等品合格品優(yōu)等品一等品合格品CaO+MgO含量 /%,858075807570CO2含量 /%,791181012細(xì) 度0.9mm篩篩余 /%,0.20.51.50.20.51.50.125mm篩篩余 /%,7.012.018.07.012.018.0建筑消石灰粉根據(jù)有效氧化鈣和有效氧化鎂含量、游離水量、體積安定性及細(xì)度劃分為優(yōu)等品、一等品和合格品。各等級(jí)的技術(shù)要求見(jiàn)表3.4。表3.4 建筑消石灰粉的技術(shù)指標(biāo)(JC/T 481-1992)項(xiàng)目鈣質(zhì)生石灰粉鎂質(zhì)生石灰粉
36、白云石消石灰粉優(yōu)等品一等品合格品優(yōu)等品一等品合格品優(yōu)等品一等品合格品CaO+MgO含量 /%,706560656055656055游離水(%)0.42體積安定性合格合格合格細(xì)度0.9mm篩篩余/%,000.5000.5000.50.125mm篩篩余/%,3101531015310153.1.6 石灰的性能石灰與其他膠凝材料相比具有以下特性:1.保水性、可塑性好生石灰熟化為石灰漿時(shí),能自動(dòng)形成顆粒極細(xì)的呈膠體分散狀態(tài)的氫氧化鈣,表面吸附一層厚的水膜,因而保水性能好,且水膜層也大大降低了顆粒間的摩擦力。因此,用石灰膏制成的石灰砂漿具有良好的保水性和可塑性。在水泥砂漿中摻入石灰膏,可使砂漿的保水性和
37、可塑性顯著提高。2.硬化慢、強(qiáng)度低石灰漿體硬化過(guò)程的特點(diǎn)之一就是硬化速度慢。原因是空氣中的二氧化碳濃度低,且碳化是由表及里,在表面形成較致密的殼,使外部的二氧化碳較難進(jìn)入其內(nèi)部,同時(shí)內(nèi)部的水分也不易蒸發(fā),所以硬化緩慢,硬化后的強(qiáng)度也不高,如13石灰砂漿28天的抗壓強(qiáng)度通常只有0.20.5MPa。3.體積收縮大體積收縮大是石灰在硬化過(guò)程中的另一特點(diǎn),一方面是由于蒸發(fā)大量的游離水而引起顯著的收縮;另一方面碳化也會(huì)產(chǎn)生收縮。所以石灰除調(diào)成石灰乳液作薄層涂刷外,不宜單獨(dú)使用,常摻入砂,紙筋等以減少收縮、限制裂縫的擴(kuò)展。4.耐水性差石灰漿體在硬化過(guò)程中的較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi),主要成分仍是氫氧化鈣(表層是碳酸鈣),
38、由于氫氧化鈣易溶于水,所以石灰的耐水性較差。硬化中的石灰若長(zhǎng)期受到水的作用,會(huì)導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)度降低,甚至?xí)⑸ⅰ?.吸濕性強(qiáng)生石灰極易吸收空氣中的水分熟化成熟石灰粉,所以生石灰長(zhǎng)期存放應(yīng)在密閉條件下,并應(yīng)防潮、防水。3.1.7 石灰的應(yīng)用1.拌制灰漿、砂漿如麻刀灰、紙筋灰,石灰砂漿、水泥石灰混合砂漿等,用于砌筑工程、抹面工程。2.拌制灰土、三合土利用石灰與粘性土可拌制成灰土;利用石灰、粘土與砂石或碎磚、爐渣等填料可拌制成三合土或碎磚三合土;利用石灰與粉煤灰、粘性土可拌制成粉煤灰石灰土;利用石灰與粉煤灰、砂、碎石可拌制成粉煤灰碎石土等等,大量應(yīng)用于建筑物基礎(chǔ)、地面、道路等的墊層,地基的換土處理等。為方便
39、石灰與粘土等的拌合,宜用磨細(xì)的生石灰或消石灰粉,磨細(xì)的生石灰還可使灰土和三合土有較高的緊密度,較高的強(qiáng)度和耐水性。3.建筑生石灰粉將生石灰磨成細(xì)粉,即建筑生石灰粉。建筑生石灰粉加入適量的水拌成的石灰漿可以直接使用,主要是因?yàn)榉蹱钍沂旎俣容^快,熟化放出的熱促使硬化進(jìn)一步加快。硬化后的強(qiáng)度要比石灰膏硬化后的強(qiáng)度高。4.制作碳化石灰板材碳化石灰板是將磨細(xì)的生石灰摻30%40%的短玻璃纖維或輕質(zhì)骨料加水?dāng)嚢?,振?dòng)成形,然后利用石灰窯的廢氣碳化1224小時(shí)而成的一種輕質(zhì)板材。它能鋸、能釘,適宜用作非承重內(nèi)隔墻板、天花板等。5.生產(chǎn)硅酸鹽制品將磨細(xì)的生石灰或消石灰粉與天然砂或?;郀t礦渣、爐渣、粉煤灰
40、等硅質(zhì)材料配合均勻,加水?dāng)嚢?,再?jīng)陳伏(使生石灰充分熟化)、加壓成形和壓蒸處理可制成蒸壓灰砂磚。灰砂磚呈灰白色。如果摻入耐堿顏料,可制成各種顏色。它的尺寸與普通粘土磚相同,也可制成其它形狀的砌塊,主要用作墻體材料。3.1.8 石灰的驗(yàn)收、儲(chǔ)運(yùn)及保管建筑生石灰粉、建筑消石灰粉一般采用袋裝,可以采用符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的牛皮紙袋、復(fù)合紙袋或塑料編織袋包裝,袋上應(yīng)標(biāo)明廠名、產(chǎn)品名稱、商標(biāo)、凈重、批量編號(hào)。運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存時(shí)不得受潮和混入雜物。保管時(shí)應(yīng)分類、分等級(jí)存放在干燥的倉(cāng)庫(kù)內(nèi),不宜長(zhǎng)期存儲(chǔ)。運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中要采取防水措施。由于生石灰遇水發(fā)生反應(yīng)放出大量的熱,所以生石灰不宜與易燃易爆物品共存、運(yùn),以免釀成火災(zāi)。存放時(shí)
41、,可制成石灰膏密封或在上面覆蓋砂土等方式與空氣隔絕,防止硬化。包裝重量:建筑生石灰粉有每袋凈重40kg、50kg兩種,每袋重量偏差值不大于1kg;建筑消石灰粉有每袋凈重20kg、40kg兩種,每袋重量偏差值不大于0.5kg、1kg。3.2 石膏石膏在建筑工程中的應(yīng)用也有較長(zhǎng)的歷史。由于其具有輕質(zhì)、隔熱、吸聲、耐火、色白且質(zhì)地細(xì)膩等一系列優(yōu)良性能,加之我國(guó)石膏礦藏儲(chǔ)量居世界首位(有南京石膏礦,大波口石膏礦,平邑石膏礦等),所以石膏的應(yīng)用前景十分廣闊。石膏的主要化學(xué)成分是硫酸鈣,它在自然界中以兩種穩(wěn)定形態(tài)存在于石膏礦石中;一是天然無(wú)水石膏(CaSO4),也稱生石膏、硬石膏;一是天然二水石膏(CaS
42、O42H2O),也稱軟石膏。天然無(wú)水石膏只可用于生產(chǎn)石膏水泥,而天然二水石膏可制造各種性質(zhì)的石膏。3.2.1 建筑石膏的生產(chǎn)將天然二水石膏(或主要成分為二水石膏的化工石膏)加熱,由于加熱方式和溫度不同,可生產(chǎn)不同性質(zhì)的石膏品種:溫度為6575時(shí),開(kāi)始脫水,至107170時(shí),脫去部分結(jié)晶水,得到型半水石膏(CaSO40.5H2O),即建筑石膏。當(dāng)加熱溫度為170200時(shí),石膏繼續(xù)脫水,成為可溶性硬石膏,與水調(diào)和后仍能很快凝結(jié)硬化;當(dāng)加熱溫度升高到200250時(shí),石膏中殘留很少的水,凝結(jié)硬化非常緩慢;當(dāng)加熱高于400,石膏完全失去水分成為不溶性硬石膏,失去凝結(jié)硬化能力,成為死燒石膏;當(dāng)溫度高于80
43、0時(shí),部分石膏分解出的氧化鈣起催化作用,所得產(chǎn)品又重新具有凝結(jié)硬化性能。當(dāng)溫度高于1600時(shí),CaSO4全部分解為石灰。建筑石膏(型半水石膏)呈白色粉末狀,密度為2.602.75g/cm3,堆積密度為8001000kg/m3。型半水石膏中雜質(zhì)少、色白的,可作為模型石膏,用于建筑裝飾及陶瓷的制坯工藝。若將二水石膏置于蒸壓釜中,在0.13Mpa的水蒸汽中(124)脫水,得到的是晶粒較型半水石膏粗大、使用時(shí)拌和用水量少的半水石膏,稱為型半水石膏。將此熟石膏磨細(xì)得到的白色粉末稱為高強(qiáng)石膏。由于高強(qiáng)石膏拌和用水量少(石膏用量的35%45%),硬化后有較高的密實(shí)度,所以強(qiáng)度較高,7d可達(dá)1540Mpa。3
44、.2.2 建筑石膏的凝結(jié)與硬化建筑石膏遇水將重新水化成二水石膏,反應(yīng)式為CaSO40.5H2O +1.5 H2O CaSO42H2O建筑石膏與適量的水混合成可塑的漿體,但很快就失去塑性、產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)度,并發(fā)展成為堅(jiān)硬的固體。石膏的凝結(jié)硬化是一個(gè)連續(xù)的溶解、水化、膠化、結(jié)晶的過(guò)程。半水石膏極易溶于水,加水后很快達(dá)到飽和溶液而分解出溶解度低的二水石膏膠體。由于二水石膏的析出,溶液中的半水石膏轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉秋柡蜖顟B(tài),這樣,又有新的半水石膏溶解,接著繼續(xù)重復(fù)水化、膠化的過(guò)程,隨著析出的二水石膏膠體晶體的不斷增多,彼此互相聯(lián)結(jié),使石膏具有了強(qiáng)度。同時(shí)溶液中的游離水分不斷蒸發(fā)減少,結(jié)晶體之間的摩擦力、粘結(jié)力逐漸增大,
45、石膏強(qiáng)度也隨之增加,至完全干燥,強(qiáng)度停止發(fā)展,最后成為堅(jiān)硬的固體。漿體的凝結(jié)硬化是一個(gè)連續(xù)進(jìn)行的過(guò)程。從加水開(kāi)始拌合到漿體開(kāi)始失去可塑性的過(guò)程稱為漿體的初凝,對(duì)應(yīng)的這段時(shí)間稱為初凝時(shí)間;從加水開(kāi)始拌合開(kāi)始到漿體完全失去可塑性,并開(kāi)始產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)度的過(guò)程稱為漿體的終凝,對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間稱為漿體的終凝時(shí)間。建筑石膏凝結(jié)硬化較快,一般初凝不早于6min,終凝不遲于30min。3.2.3 建筑的石膏的技術(shù)性能根據(jù)規(guī)定,建筑石膏按其凝結(jié)時(shí)間、細(xì)度、強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)分為三級(jí),即優(yōu)等品、一等品、合格品。各項(xiàng)技術(shù)指標(biāo)見(jiàn)表3.5。表3.5 建筑石膏的技術(shù)指標(biāo)(GB9776-88)指標(biāo)優(yōu)等品一等品合格品細(xì)度/(%)(孔徑0.2篩的篩
46、余量)5.010.015.0抗折強(qiáng)度/MPa(烘干至質(zhì)量恒定后)2.52.11.8抗壓強(qiáng)度/MPa(烘干至質(zhì)量恒定后)4.93.92.9凝結(jié)時(shí)間/min初凝不早于6終凝不遲于30注:指標(biāo)中有一項(xiàng)不符合者,應(yīng)予降級(jí)或報(bào)廢。3.2.4 建筑石膏的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)用1.孔隙率大、強(qiáng)度較低為使石膏具有必要的可塑性,通常加水量比理論需水量多得多(加水量為石膏用量的60%80%,而理論用水量只為石膏用量的18.6%),硬化后由于多余水分的蒸發(fā),內(nèi)部的孔隙率很大,因而強(qiáng)度較低。2.硬化后體積微膨脹石膏在凝結(jié)過(guò)程中體積產(chǎn)生微膨脹,其膨脹率約1%。這一特性使石膏制品在硬化過(guò)程中不會(huì)產(chǎn)生裂縫,造型棱角清晰飽滿,適宜澆鑄模
47、型,制作建筑藝術(shù)配件及建筑裝飾件等。3.防火性好,但耐火性差由于硬化的石膏中結(jié)晶水含量較多,遇火時(shí),這些結(jié)晶水吸收熱量蒸發(fā),形成蒸汽幕,阻止火勢(shì)蔓延,同時(shí)表面生成的無(wú)水物為良好的絕緣體,起到防火作用。但二水石膏脫水后強(qiáng)度下降,故耐火性差。4.凝結(jié)硬化快建筑石膏在10min內(nèi)并可初凝,30min可終凝。因初凝時(shí)間較短,為滿足施工要求,常摻入緩凝劑,以延長(zhǎng)凝結(jié)時(shí)間。可摻入石膏用量0.1%0.2%的動(dòng)物膠,或摻入1%的亞硫酸鹽酒精廢液,也可以摻入硼砂或檸檬酸。摻緩凝劑后,石膏制品的強(qiáng)度有所下降。若需加速凝固可摻入少量磨細(xì)的未經(jīng)煅燒的石膏。5.保溫性和吸聲性好建筑石膏孔隙率大,且孔隙多呈微細(xì)的毛細(xì)孔,所以導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)小,保溫、隔熱性能好。同時(shí),大量開(kāi)口的毛細(xì)孔隙對(duì)吸聲有一定的作用,因此建筑石膏具有良好的吸聲性能。6.具有一定的調(diào)溫、調(diào)濕性由于建筑石膏熱容量大,且多孔而產(chǎn)生的呼吸功能使吸濕性增強(qiáng),可起到調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)溫度、濕度的作用,創(chuàng)造舒適的工作和生活環(huán)境。7.耐水性差由于硬化后建筑石膏的孔隙率