小 學(xué) 英 語(yǔ) 語(yǔ) 法,2022/8/24,一、名詞（可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞）二、人稱(chēng)代詞三、冠詞四、動(dòng)詞五、介詞六、數(shù)詞七、形容詞和副詞,八、there be結(jié)構(gòu)九、句式1.肯定句2.否定句3.疑問(wèn)句4.祈使句十、時(shí)態(tài)：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)十一、“wh”的特殊疑問(wèn)句,一、名詞,名詞（表示人和事物名稱(chēng)的詞）,專(zhuān)有名詞,普通名詞,特定的人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)等專(zhuān)有的名稱(chēng)。第一個(gè)字母通常要大寫(xiě)。e.g. Jim Green， New York， Bank of China，Peking University星期、月份、節(jié)日、學(xué)科、報(bào)刊名也是專(zhuān)有名詞。,個(gè)體名詞 表示某類(lèi)人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：student , desk集體名詞 表示若干個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：class , family 物質(zhì)名詞 表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)名稱(chēng)，如：water , rice , sand，hair抽象名詞 表示情感，狀態(tài)，品質(zhì)等抽象名稱(chēng)，如：love ，carelessness,個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞多數(shù)可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞，有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式；物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞通常無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞，一般只有一種形式。,英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，只有可數(shù)名詞才有復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞有兩種數(shù)的形式：1）單數(shù)（表示一個(gè)人或事物）；2）復(fù)數(shù)（表示多于一個(gè)的人或數(shù)）。,名詞的數(shù)：,Practise,peach_ 2. zoo _3. glass _4. fox _5. lady _6. policewoman _7. house _8. photo _9. monkey _10. wife _11. rose _12. path _13. judge _14. map _,peaches,zoos,glasses,foxes,ladies,policewomen,houses,photos,monkeys,wives,roses,paths,judges,maps,二、人稱(chēng)代詞和物主代詞 主格 賓格 形容詞性 名詞性 I me my mine you you your yours he him his his she her her hers it it its its we us our ours they them their theirs,Practise,_(他) is my brother.2. I had a letter from _ (她).3. Its all right; its only _(我).4. Today _(我們) went in _(我們的) car; tomorrow _(我們) are going in _(他們的).5. _(我) lend _(我的) books gladly to _ (我的) friends and to _(你的).6. Can you help _(我) with _(我的) English.7. When _(你) go to see _(你的) father, please take these books to _(他).8. _(他們) found _(它) difficult to learn German.,He,her,me,we,our,we,theirs,I,my,my,yours,me,my,you,your,him,They,it,所有格,所有格的形式單數(shù)人稱(chēng)名詞末尾加 schild-childs以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)人稱(chēng)名詞末尾加swaitress-waitresss不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)人稱(chēng)名詞末尾加schildren-childrens以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)人稱(chēng)名詞末尾加girls-girls以-s結(jié)尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess,下列情況一般用 “of”結(jié)構(gòu)：東西(沒(méi)有現(xiàn)成的復(fù)合名詞時(shí)): the book of the film2. 東西的一部分: the bottom of the box3. 抽象的概念: the price of success4. 當(dāng)of短語(yǔ)中的名詞被另一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或從句修飾時(shí)： Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?,雙重,s結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用于 “of”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，如：a friend of my fathers , 出現(xiàn)這種情況是因?yàn)樵谝粋€(gè)名詞前通常只用一個(gè)限定詞，又如：this son of mine, a friend of yours, a cousin of hers等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yours?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.,冠詞,不定冠詞a,an,定冠詞the,只能用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞,零冠詞,名詞前可不用冠詞,不定冠詞的用法：表示“一”，“任何一個(gè)”或“不管哪一個(gè)”的意思。 I have a sister and two brothers.2. 在某些度量表示法中： We have PE lessons three times a week.3. 用在單數(shù)的表語(yǔ)名詞前，以表示職業(yè)、行業(yè)、宗教、等級(jí)等。 George wants to be an engineer.4. 在以what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞前。 What a pretty girl!5. 一些常用短語(yǔ)中。 have a good time, half an hour, have a headache.,定冠詞的用法：用來(lái)表示“獨(dú)一無(wú)二”的意思。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2. 表示“說(shuō)話(huà)的人剛剛提到過(guò)的人或事物”。 There is a boat in the river. The boat is made of wood.3. 用在后面跟有限定性介詞短語(yǔ)的名詞前。 the letter from America, the fourteenth of April4. 用在泛指的樂(lè)器名詞前。 He plays the piano.5. 一些常用短語(yǔ)。 by the way, in the morning, Whats the matter?,零冠詞的用法：泛指的抽象名詞前。Life is very hard for some people.2. 泛指的物質(zhì)名詞前。Water is very useful.3. 泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。Books are my best friends.4. 泛指的“餐”名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me.5. 大多數(shù)的專(zhuān)有名詞前。He comes from France.6. 語(yǔ)言的名詞前。She can speak French.7. 在季節(jié)和節(jié)日的名詞前。Winter is the best time for skating.8. 當(dāng)名詞前已有一些代詞修飾時(shí)。My brother is a soldier.9. 在體育項(xiàng)目的名詞前。play basketball10. 一些常用短語(yǔ)。 at home, go to school, at night,1. There is _notebook on my desk. I use _ notebook to keep a diary.2. There is _bottle on the table. _ water in it is sweet.3. Wangs mother is _English teacher. She teaches in _ primary school.4. China is _ ancient country with _ long history.5. China has _ population of 12 hundred million. _ Chinese people are _ great people.6. Her mother is _ university teacher. She is _ honest woman.7. None of _books should be taken out of _ room without _ permission of _ librarian.8. _Party always teaches us to work for _ people heart and soul.9. She studies at _No. 3 Middle School. She goes to _ school by _ bus every day.10. My elder sister is _student of _ English. She studies at _ college.11. _ Monday before _ Spring Festival was very cold.12. Have you had _dinner?,Practise,a,the,a,The,an,the,an,a,the,The,/,a,an,the,the,the,/,The,/,/,/,/,/,a,a,The,/,/,四、動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞主要表示動(dòng)作，其次表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)，有時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣等形式的變化。,小學(xué)階段所涉及的動(dòng)詞主要有：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can, must等。,Be動(dòng)詞,am, is,are,was, were,been,Practise,1. He _ very good at English. 2. My father and I _ going to Beijing next month. 3. _ you on duty the day before yesterday? 4. Mr. King _ in London two weeks ago. 5. There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo. 6. What _ the date yesterday? 7. Look! A little girl _ flying a kite. 8. Who _ not at school last Monday? 9. Have you ever _ to Japan?10. I _ not a nurse. I work as a doctor.,is,are,Were,was,are,was,is,was,been,am,動(dòng)詞的基本形式,第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式,動(dòng)詞be和have的第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式分別是is和has。,動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式,現(xiàn)在分詞,has,had,having,gives,gave,giving,gets,got,getting,reads,read,reading,sweeps,swept,sweeping,plays,played,playing,carries,carried,carrying,Practise,五、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生或存在的時(shí)間和表示方式的一種動(dòng)詞形式。,小學(xué)階段所學(xué)的時(shí)態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：work/works2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are working3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：worked4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：am/is/are going to work,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)基本用法介紹 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。 如：The sky is blue.天空是藍(lán)色的。2.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常與時(shí)間副詞連用：always, often, usually, every, on Sundays, twice a week等。 如：I get up at six every day.我天天六點(diǎn)起床。3.表示客觀(guān)現(xiàn)實(shí)。 如：The earth goes a