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1、TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)IntroductionnEnglish Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scotts death.William Blake and Robert Burns also belong to this literary genre,though they live prior to the Romantic period.

2、WhatisRomanticismnRomanticism is a movement that emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism 新古典主義,the age preceding the Romantic movement.The Neoclassical age was also called the“The age of Enlightenment”,which emphasized on reason and logic.The Romantic period wanted to break away from the traditi

3、ons and conventions that were dear to the Neoclassical age and make way for individuality and experimentation.DefinitionfromWikipedianRomanticism(or the Romantic Era or the Romantic Period)was an artistic,literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Eu

4、rope,and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.In part,it was a revolt反叛;反抗against aristocratic social and political norms標(biāo)準(zhǔn),規(guī)范of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts,music,and lit

5、erature,but had a major impact on historiography,education and natural history.HistoricalBackgroundnPolitically:the French Revolution nDeclaration of Rights of Man(1791-2),Thomas Paine nInquiry concerning Political Justice(1793),William Godwin nA Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792),Mary Wollsto

6、necraft n Workers MovementnEconomically:the Industrial Revolution nContinued fast changes took place both in the country and in the cities;nMany farmhands driven out of land rushed into the city;nWomen and children were employed as cheap labor;nNew machines were set up,rendering many out of work;nDi

7、sparity was growing between the rich and the poor;nIdeologically The principle of Ration was giving way to an individualized,free,liberal,imaginative attitude towards life;a tendency to turn or escape from the tumultuous嘈雜的動(dòng)亂的嘈雜的動(dòng)亂的and confusing societyCharacteristicsofRomanticismLoveofNature:TheRom

8、anticsgreatlyemphasizedontheimportanceofnature,andoneofthemaincharacteristicsofRomanticisminpoetryisthebeautyofnaturefoundinthecountrylife.Thiswasmainlybecausetheindustrialrevolutionhadtakenmanfromthepeacefulcountrylifetowardsthecitylife,transformingmansnaturalorder.Naturewasnotonlyappreciatedforits

9、physicalbeautybytheRomantics,butalsoforitsabilitytohelptheurbanmanfindhistrueidentity.Emotionsvs.Rationality:Unlike the Neoclassical age which focused on rationality and intellect,Romanticism placed human emotions,feelings,instinct and intuition above everything else.While the poets in the former er

10、a adhered to the rules and regulations while selecting a subject and writing about it,the Romantic writers trusted their emotions and feelings to create poetry.This belief can be confirmed from the definition of poetry by William Wordsworth,where he says that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of po

11、werful feelings.The emphasis on emotions was also spread to music created in the Romantic period,and was seen in the compositions made by great musicians like Weber,Beethoven,Schumann,etc.nArtist,theCreator:As the Romantic period emphasized on emotions,the position or role of the artist or the poet

12、also gained supremacy.In the earlier times,the artist was seen as a person who imitated the external world through his art.However,Romanticism reverted this belief.The poet or artist was seen as a creator of a piece of work which reflected his individuality and inner mind.It was also for the first t

13、ime that the poems written in the first person were being accepted,as the poetic persona became one with the voice of the poet.nNationalism:The Romantics borrowed heavily from the folklore and the popular art.During the earlier periods,literature and art were considered to belong to the high class e

14、ducated people,and the country folks were not considered fit to enjoy them.Also,the language used in these works were highly poetic,which was totally different from that which was spoken by people.However,Romanticism changed all this.Their works were influenced from the ballads and folklore that wer

15、e created by the masses or the common people,rather than from the literary works that were popular.Apart from poetry,adopting from the folklore and ballads is also one of the very important characteristics of Romanticism in music.As the Romantics became interested and focused on developing the folkl

16、ore,culture,language,customs and traditions of their own country,they developed a sense of Nationalism which reflected in their works.Also,the language used in Romantic poems were simple which was usually used in everyday life.nExoticism:Along with Nationalism,the Romantics even developed the love o

17、f the exotic.Hence,in many of the literary as well as artistic works of that period,the far off and mysterious locations were depicted.Though this was completely opposite from the ideal of Nationalism,they never clashed with each other.The reason for this is that just like the exotic locations,the p

18、eople did not know about the folklore of their places before,and so they seemed to be as vague as the far away places.Exoticism is also one of the most prominent characteristics of Romanticism in art,along with sentimentality and spirituality.nSupernatural:Another characteristic of Romanticism is th

19、e belief in the supernatural.The Romantics were interested in the supernatural and included it in their works.This fascination for the mysterious and the unreal also lead to the development of the Gothic romance which became popular during this period.Supernatural elements can be seen in Coleridges,

20、Kubla Khan and in Keats poem La Belle Dame Sans Merci.Overview of Romantic literaturenThe romantic period is an age of poetry.Wordsworth and Coleridge are the most representative writers.They explore new theories and innovate new techniques in versification詩(shī)律.They believe that poetry could purify in

21、dividual souls and society.Lake poetsnWordsworth,Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798,w

22、hile all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy.Satanic PoetsOther greatest Romantic poets are:John Keats,P.B.Shelley and G.G.Byron.They are referred to as Satanic Poets by Robert Southey f

23、or their violent imagination and rebellious spirit.Feminist worksnMary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.n Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that predominates in the late 18th century and continues to show its influence in early 19th century.Its principal ele

24、ments are violence,horror,and the supernatural.Frankenstein(1818)by Mary Shelley and The Mysteries of Udolpho(1794)by Ann Radcliffe are masterpieces of English gothic novel.Romantic FictionsnEnglish fiction gropes its way amidst the overwhelming Romantic poetry.It revives its popularity in the hands

25、 of Jane Austen&Walter Scott.nWalter Scott is noted for his historical novel based on Scottish history and legends.He exerted great influence on European literature of his time.nJane Austen is the first and foremost English women novelist.Following the neoclassical tradition,she is unsurpassed in th

26、e description of uneventful everyday life.Newpoeticfeaturesnlanguage:simple,everydaylifespeech,commonvocabularyandaccentdialecte.g.Blake,Wordsworthnform:lyrics(sonnet,ode),narrative(ballad)npurpose:emotional,confessionalandvisionary/propheticnprinciples:imaginationnsubject:naturentherural/pastoralnt

27、hepast/historicalnthealien/exotic,orientalnthesupernatural/mysterious(dreamsordream-like)nthepersonalnthecommon/lowclassntherevolutionarynthepatrioticWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)英國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)先驅(qū)，英國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)先驅(qū)，“湖畔派湖畔派”詩(shī)人中創(chuàng)作成就最大的一位詩(shī)人中創(chuàng)作成就最大的一位Wordsworths Life a lawyers family death of parentsgrammar schoollake

28、 districtCambridge,vocation1790,summer tour to FranceAfter getting his degree in Cambridge1791,back to Francefinancial difficulties1797,Coleridgeweakened revolutionary spiritseclusion in Lake District1843,Poet Laureatedied in 1850,at the age of 80MajorLiteraryWorksnDescriptive Sketches,an Evening Wa

29、lk(1793):his first volume written in the 18th century feeling for natural descriptionnLyrical Ballads(1798):the manifesto of English RomanticismnThe Prelude(1805):posthumously in 1850;his greatest worknPoems in Two Volumes(1807):contains“Ode:Intimations of Immortality”,the autobiographical narrative

30、“Resolution and Independence”nThe Excursion(1814)SubjectsnPoemsonnaturen“ToaButterfly”n“ToaSkylark”n“TotheCuckoo”n“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”n“TinternAbbey”nPoemsonsimplerusticlifeinthecountrysidenLucypoemsn“SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays”nOtherpoemsaboutcommonpeopleandtheirhumblelifen“Michael”n“TheSol

31、itaryReaper”Characteristics of Wordsworths poetynWordsworths personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature,especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country.nA profoundly earnest and sincere thinker,he displayed a high seriousness comparable,at times,to Miltons but temper

32、ed with tenderness and a love of simplicity.nPioneer in the use of the language of ordinary speech.(criticized for this quality)Wordsworthstheoryofpoetry“Theprincipalobject,then,whichIproposedtomyselfinthesepoemsaretochooseincidentsandsituationsfromcommonlifeandtorelateordescribethem,throughout,asfa

33、raswaspossible,inaselectionoflanguagereallyusedbymen;and,atthesametime,tothrowoverthemacertaincolouringofimagination,wherebyordinarythingsshouldbepresentedtothemindinanunusualway;andaboveall,tomaketheseincidentsandsituationsinterestingbytracinginthem,trulythoughnotostentatiously,theprimarylawsofournature:chieflyasfarasregardsthemannerinwhichweassociateideasinastateofexcitement.”(Prefacetothesecond