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1、環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering,HanXiaogangCollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityTel:15059188544，QQ:103475685,2,EnglishProverb,Imperfectionisbeauty,madness(瘋狂)isgenius(天才，天賦)，anditsbettertobeabsolutelyridiculous(荒唐的)thanabsolutelyboring.,不完美也是一種

2、美麗，瘋狂也是一種天賦，不靠譜總好過超無聊。,3,ReviewoftheLastLesson,4,Appreciationofmovies,The11thHour,Chinesename（中文名稱）,第十一個小時,Director,Castleberry，LeonardoDiCaprio,Informationaboutthemove（相關(guān)信息）,萊昂納多.迪卡普里奧,本片是以一種訪談的形式，向觀眾說明了我們所面臨環(huán)境問題。訪談對象包括前蘇聯(lián)總統(tǒng)戈爾巴喬夫、著名科學家史蒂芬霍金、前中情局局長詹姆斯伍爾西、超過50位的頂尖科學家、思想家和領導者。,5,PartIntroductiontoEnvi

3、ronmentalEngineering,6,1.BackgroundtoEnvironmentScience,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Scienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce.,Science,SocialScience,NatureScience,Thesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes(群落，部落),communities(社區(qū)),races(

4、種族),andnations.,Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.,7,2.Whatisthebookabout?,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Theobjective,Descriptionofenvironmental,Theobjectiveofthisbookis

5、tointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinary（跨學科，各學科）studyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.,Theprimarycoverage,Informationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances(困擾),Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmen

6、talproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem,8,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Theprimarycoverage,Currentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblems,Considerablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractions

7、betweenhumanactivitiesandnature,Manyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsocietyslackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.,9,3.SomeDefinitions,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Enviro

8、nmental,Environmentalisthephysicalandbiotichabitat(棲息地)whichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing(健康，幸福),thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,economic,andculturalaspects.,Systemisasetorarran

9、gementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,watersupplysystem,theworldoruniverse.,System,10,3.SomeDefinitions,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Engineering,Engineeringisaprofession(職業(yè)、專業(yè))thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties(特

10、性)ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.,Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.,Pollution,11,Pa

11、rtIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Environmentalengineeringismanifest(顯示，表明)bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation(衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)或設備),notably(尤其)intheprovisionofsafe,palatable(可口的),andample(足夠)publicwatersupply;theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsol

12、idwastes;theadequatedrainageofurbanandrural(田園，鄉(xiāng)村),areasforpropersanitation;andthecontrolofwater,soil,andatmosphericpollution,andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions.,Environmentalengineering,Furthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth.,12,3.Interactionofsystem

13、s,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Manyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater,air,orlandsystems,justifying(證明，為作出解釋)thebreakdown(分解)intothesecategories.Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension(理解)ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.,Moreover,itissensiblebecause,form

14、anagerandadministrativereasons,suchsubfields(子域)asairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.,13,3.Interactionofsystems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Unfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined(局限

15、于)toanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.,Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom(根源)theemission(排放)ofsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks(煙囪)ofgeneratingstations(發(fā)電廠),smelters(熔爐),andautomobileexhausts(汽車尾氣)。,Thesegasesarethentransp

16、ortedbyaircurrents(氣流)overwideregions.Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife(水生生物),forests,andagriculturalcrops.,14,4.EnvironmentalProblems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Manymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtec

17、hnology.,Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland(耕地),disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols(微生物滋長).,Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated.Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem.,15,4.Environment

18、alProblems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Forexample,whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease,itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth.,Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality(嬰兒死亡率)isreduced,apopulationexplosionmayresult.,Tofeedthisgrowingpollution,naturalhabitats(自然棲息地)areoftendestroyedbyturni

19、ngthemintofarmland.,Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed,thewildplants,predatoryanimals(食肉動物),andparasites(寄生生物)thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell.,16,4.EnvironmentalProblems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Becauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites,outbreaksofinsectpests(害蟲)becomemorecommon.,Farmer

20、susepesticides(農(nóng)藥)tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops,butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted.,Thedevelopmentofthisentire(整個的)cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel(化石燃料)suppliesthatarebecomingscarce.,Inaddition,whenfuelsareburned,airpollutantsaregenerated.,17,4.EnvironmentalProblems,PartIntroductiont

21、oEnvironmentalEngineering,Howdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking(相關(guān)聯(lián)的)problems?Tomakethetask(工作、任務)abitmoremanageable,weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst.,Whatenvironmentalproblemsarepeopleupagainst？,Overpopulation,Pollution,DepletionofResources,ChangesintheGlo

22、balCondition,TheWar,18,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Overpopulation,Overpopulationmaybedefinedasthepresenceinagivenareaofmorepeoplethancanbesupportedadequatelybytheresourcesavailableinthatarea.,Manypeoplearguethatthepopulationexplosionthathastakenplaceinthetwentiethcenturyisnowthemostim

23、portantproblemweface.,Itisimportantfirstbecauseoverpopulationisamajorcauseofallenvironmentalproblems:Fewerpeoplewoulduselessoil,chopdownfewertrees,andpourlesssewageintorivers.,19,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Overpopulation,Second,overpopulationandthestarvation（饑餓）thataccompaniesitarege

24、nerallyhigheronourlistofprioritiesthanotherenvironmentalconcerns.,Itishardtoarguethatanareashouldbesetasideasparklandtopreserve（保護）avanishing（消失）forestorsavanna（平原，熱帶大草原）whenthatmightbeusedtoraisecropsthatwouldpreventfellowhumanbeingsfromstarvingtodeath.,20,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,21,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,范文：AerobicTr

25、eatmentAerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.Aerobicbacteriaarelikehumansinthattheyrequireoxygentosurviveandthrive.Thisistheprimarydifferencebetwe

26、enaerobicsystemsandsepticsystems,yousee.Septicsystemsdependonmuchlessefficientanaerobicbacteria.,22,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocessca

27、nbesignificantlyaccelerated.Ofallbiologicalwastetreatmentmethod,aerobicdigestionisthemostwidespeadprocessusedthroughouttheworld(morethan95%).Aerobicbacteriademandoxygentodecomposedissolvedpollutants.Largeamountsofpollutantsrequirelargequantitiesofbacteria;hencethedemandforoxygenwillbehigh.TheBiologi

28、calOxygenDemand(BOD)isameasureofthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinbiologicaloxidationbythebacteria.Itisexpressedinmg/L.,23,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,TheChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)measuresthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinchemicaloxidation,byaddingstrongacids.Itisexpressedi

29、nmg/L.TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable.Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.,24,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1.專業(yè)英語翻譯概論1.1專業(yè)英語的特點1.1.1專業(yè)英語的詞匯特

30、點專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低。詞義專一。廣泛是使用縮寫詞。如：CODchemicaloxygendemand化學需氧量BODbiochemicaloxygendemand生化需氧量TOCtotalorganiccarbon總有機碳DOdissolvedoxygen溶解氧,25,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,POPspersistentorganicpollutants持久性有機污染物TSPtotalsuspendedparticle總懸浮顆粒TKNtotalKjeldahlnitrogen總凱氏氮UASBupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket上流式厭氧污泥床MBRmembranebioreac

31、tor膜生物反應器SBRsequencingbatchreactor間歇式活性污泥法1.1.2專業(yè)英語的句法特點廣泛使用陳述句。Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.,26,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,廣泛使用被動語態(tài)。Duringthisoxidationpro

32、cess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.被動語態(tài)在專業(yè)英語中的使用比在其他場合更為廣泛，主要因為被動句比主動句更能說明需要論證的對象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出。,27,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,簡略表達多。TheratioBOD/CODgivesanind

33、icationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable.長句使用多。Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.主句帶若干從句，從句帶短語，短語帶從句，相互依附，相互制約。,28,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionme

34、trictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.句子倒置。Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsofice多重修飾。iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.,29,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,Floatingontheoc

35、eansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.庖丁解牛。iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.就近修飾原則。Layer1:Iceencasedin10,000icebergsLayer2:icebergsthatbr

36、eakawayfromthepolaricecaps,icebergsmorethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.粗譯：世界大洋里漂浮著7659萬億噸的冰。這些冰包含在10000多個冰山里。這些冰山從極地冰蓋脫落而產(chǎn)生；多于90%的這些冰山來源于南極。,30,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1.1.3專業(yè)英語的修辭特點時態(tài)運用有限。過去研究過去時（與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系）；討論理論用現(xiàn)在時。Biofiltrationtechniquefordisposingammonium-contaminatedgasstreamswasinvestigated.修辭手法較為單調(diào)。,31

37、,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,邏輯性語法詞使用普遍。如：表示原因的詞：because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,as,asaresult,causedby,for表示語氣轉(zhuǎn)折的詞：but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise表示邏輯、順利連接的詞：so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,inadditionto表示限制的詞：only,ifonly,except,besides,unless表示假設的詞：suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providingAerobicbact

38、eriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.,32,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1.2翻譯的基本知識1.2.1翻譯標準嚴復天演論：信、達、雅忠實：譯文必須忠實、正確地傳達原文的內(nèi)容。通順：譯文的語言必須規(guī)范、流暢、通俗易懂。,33,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1.2.2翻譯的過程理解-表達翻譯的理解過程通讀全文，領會大意。明辨語法，弄清關(guān)系。結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義。,Aer

39、obicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.,34,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,翻譯的表達過程a.一稿初譯，忠實為主。b.二稿核對，注意邏輯。c.三稿定局，潤色詞句。翻譯的方法直譯意譯,Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.

40、Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.詞義的選擇和引申2.1詞義的選擇2.1.1根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義E.g.:like：像、同樣的、喜歡、希望、如同Hewouldliketojoinourdiscussion.Thingslikeair,waterormetalarematter.Likechargesrepel,unli

41、kechargesattract.IhopethatIcandrivethetractorlikeyoudo.,36,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.1.2根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義E.g.:operate:操作、運轉(zhuǎn)、完成、實施Thermalconvectionwillnotoperatedinzerogravity.Rocketsoperateinthevacuumofouterspaceaswellasintheearthatmosphere.Transistors(晶體管)operateascontroldevicesandamplifier.Theelectriccomputerscanoper

42、ateonlyaccordingtoinstructions,whichmustbepreparedbymaninadvance.,37,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,represent:代表，表示、相當于，是、提供、闡述Inorganicflocculantsrepresentnearly20%ofthetotalflocculants.Thematerialreferredtoas“acidrain”representstheraindropsdissolvedCO2whichhaveapHof5.6.,38,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.1.3根據(jù)單、復數(shù)及習慣表達選擇詞義E.g.:Theabilityto

43、doworkiscalledenergy.（功）Thisironandsteelworkswassetuplastyear.（工廠）Thetimeforthewatersupplyiscutbyhalf.AisthreetimesaslargeasB.2.1.4語言習慣的轉(zhuǎn)換E.g.:Magnetismisusedtomeasurethecoldesttemperature.(很低的）Light-coloredthingsreflectmorelightthandark-coloredthings.（深、淺）,39,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.2詞義的引申2.2.1單詞的引申E.g.:Todayis

44、thelinkbetweenyesterdayandtomorrow.（橋梁）Thiskindofwoodworkseasily.（加工）Withinthesebroadcategories,processdifferaccordingtothetypeofthedrier(干燥機).Thethickerthewirethemorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent.（容易）,40,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.2.2詞組的引申E.g.:Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixtureandcompounds.（中間結(jié)構(gòu)）Atpresentcoalis

45、themostcommonfoodofasteamplant.（能源）Highconcentrationsofcriticalelements,suchaslead,arsenic,mercury,mayaffectthehumanhealth.（微量）,41,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換3.1非動詞譯成動詞E.g.:Thecontrolunitofacomputercausesthemachinetooperateaccordingtomanswish.計算機的控制單元使機器人按照人的意志運作。,42,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.1.1名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞1.單獨的名詞用作動詞（1）動名詞、動詞派生的

46、名詞，具有動作意義的名詞可直接譯為動詞E.g.:Intheabsenceoffriction,vehiclescouldnotevenstart.Controlofdissolvedoxygen,solidsretentiontimeandhydrolyticretentiontimeisnecessaryforefficienttreatmentofwastewater.c.Themainobjectofsedimentationistheseparationofclearwaterfrommixture.,43,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,(2)一些加er或or的名詞，有時在句中并不表示一個人的身份

47、或職業(yè)，而具有較強的動作意義，這種詞漢譯時可譯為動詞。E.g.:Talkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungmanspastwrongdoings.ProfessorWangwastheinstructorofourexperiment.2.適用于動詞短語或介詞短語中的名詞可譯為動詞。E.g.:Abodyisnegativelychargedwhenithaselectronsinexcessofitsnormalnumber.,44,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.1.2.形容詞譯為動詞1.英語中表示感覺、知覺、信念的詞，如familiar、c

48、onfident、sensibleof等在句中作表語時，譯成動詞。E.g.:Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible.Theyarequitecontentwiththedataobtainedfromtheexperiment.Wearenotsureabouttheeffectofthisparameteronthequalityoftheeffluent.,45,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.有些要求有固定介詞的形容詞在句中作表語或定語時，譯成動詞。E.g.:Thefinalproductmoistureisdependentonfe

49、edsizeandresidencetimeattemperature.Forlargersizefeed,driedproductmoisturelevelsarehigher.,46,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.起形容詞作用的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和一些作定語或補語的形容詞，譯為動詞。E.g.:Thedesigncalculationwillserveasanillustrativeapplicationofthetheorysemiconductordevices.,3.1.3.介詞譯成動詞E.g.:Numeroustreatmenttechnologyofwastewaterexist,eachwiththeirrespectivemerits.,47,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.1.4副詞譯成動詞E.g.:Theoilinthetankisup.Theexperimentinchemistrywastenminutesbehind.,48,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.2非名詞譯為名詞3.2.1動詞譯成名詞1.名詞派生的動詞譯成名詞。E.g.:Computerischieflychar