《(完整word版)高中英語定語從句講義.doc》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《(完整word版)高中英語定語從句講義.doc（14頁珍藏版）》請在匯文網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 中小學1對1個性化輔導第一責任品牌定語從句定語從句功能及位置功能：定語從句相當于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語。位置：定語從句置于被修飾詞之后。例：Those who are willing toattendthe party , sign your names here please.定義：定語從句是由關系代詞或關系副詞引導的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，相當于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。(定語從句的概念:在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句.被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面.）關系詞引導定語從句

2、的關聯(lián)詞稱為關系詞，關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，絕對沒有what；關系副詞有where, when, why,how等。關系詞常有3個作用：連接作用，引導定語從句。代替主句中的先行詞，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整個主句。在定語從句中充當一句子成分。注：關系代詞有主語、賓語之分。一般whom作為賓語。關系代詞在從句中作主語，賓語，表語，定語等，關系副詞在從句中作地點狀語，時間狀語，原因狀語等。定語定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語（動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語和分詞短語）或句子，

3、漢語中常用的表示。主要由形容詞擔任，此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔任，也可以由一個句子來擔任。單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置先行詞關系代詞引導的定語從句舉例關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在從句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1,who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，who作主語指人，whom作賓語指人，that既可作主語又可作賓語（作賓語可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在從句中所起作用如下：(1) Is he the man who/

4、that wants to see you? 他是那個想見你的男人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你剛剛說話的那個男人是我們的英語老師2,Whose 用來指人或物(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換，指人的時候也可以用of whom 代替）(1) They rushed over to help th

5、e man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。(2) Please pass me the book whose color (the color of which) is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。(3) The man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那個兒子是醫(yī)生的男人是我們的教授。3,which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，作賓語時可以省略，例如：(1)Prosperitywhich / that had never been seen

6、 beforeappearsin the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在從句中作主語）(2) The package (which / that) you arecarryingis about to comeunwrapped.你拿那個包裹快要散開了。(which / that在從句中作賓語）4,as（重點）as 可以做主語，也可以作賓語，作賓語時一般不省略，指人或者物。常與such as,the same as等短語連用。5，as與which的區(qū)別as可以放在句首，而which不行as表示主觀，which表示客觀事實as引導非限制性定語從句

7、限制性定語從句關系代詞關系代詞：在句中作主語、賓語或定語1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時?？墒÷躁P系詞，which在從句中作賓語也可以省略。eg：This is the book （which）you want.2. 如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置3. 代表物時多用which，但在下列情況中用that而不用which：重點a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不

8、定代詞時；b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時，這時的that常被省略；c)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級修飾時；d)先行詞中既有人又有物時；e)整個句中前面已有which，who,that時；f)當先行詞為物并作表語時；g)先行詞為one時；h)先行詞同時又被the only,the very,the same修飾時；i)在there be句型中，句子的主語是先行詞，而且又是物j)以here is開頭的句子k）It is a high time+ 定語從句4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和

9、賓語，whom作賓語時，要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語5. whose是關系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導的從句可以修飾人和物, 當它引導的從句修飾物體時, 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達的意思一樣。關系副詞關系副詞：在句中作狀語關系副詞=介詞+關系代詞why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配)1. where是關系副詞，用來表示地點的定語從句。2. when引導定語從句表示時間注值得一提的是，表示時間“time一詞

10、的定語從句只用when引導，有時不用任何關系代詞，當然也不用that引導。By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到達倫敦的時候，我們在那里已經(jīng)待了兩個星期。I still remember the first time when I met her. 我仍然記得我第一次見到她。Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, t

11、oothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他帶來了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他東西。3. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時，常用there is 開頭There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說話。非限制性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明，通常是引導詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立非限制性定語從句意義:非限制性定語從句起補充說明作用

12、，缺少也不會影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如若將非限制性定語從句放在句子中間，前后都需要用逗號隔開。1. which引導的非限制性定語從句作用是說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分2.當先行詞是專有名詞、物主代詞或指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的房子帶著

13、個漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本我已經(jīng)讀過三遍的小說很感人。3.非限定性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。4. 有時a

14、s也可用作關系5. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用關系副詞why和關系代詞that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.；p.s: which引導的非限制性定語從句其后不可省成分，as可以關系代詞引導的定語從句who指人在從句中做主語(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩們是一班的.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我?guī)椭艘粋€迷路的老人.whom指人在定語

15、從句中充當賓語，常省略。（注：who和whom已無太大區(qū)別，基本可以通用。區(qū)別是who可以做主語而whom不可以，whom前可以加介詞如to whom，但是who不可以）(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 劉先生就是在公交車上和你聊天的那個人.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想見的那個男孩.(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你剛剛見到的那個人就是我的朋友.注意

16、：關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那個和我聊天的男人.如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那個有英語書的男人.whose通常指人也可指物在定語從句中做定語，表所有。(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一個朋友的父親是醫(yī)生.(2) I once lived in a house whose roo

17、f has fallen in.我曾經(jīng)住在一座現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒塌的房子中.whose指物時通常以以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.那個門被打破的教室不久會被修復。(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.課堂門，被打破會不久被修復。(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?你喜歡顏色是黃色的書嗎?(6) Do you like the book the c

18、olor of which is yellow?你喜歡的書的顏色是什么？是黃色嗎?which指物在定語從句中做主語，表語，定語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。在非限制性定語從句中有“，”即可用which(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩都喜歡的游戲.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天剛買的鋼筆.that指人時相當于who或者whom；指物時，相當于which。在定語從句中做主語,表語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。(5) The number of

19、 the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 每年來這座城市觀光的游客數(shù)目上升了100萬。(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 今天早上我看見的那個人在哪里？關系副詞引導的定語從句when指時間在定語從句中做時間狀語也可做連接詞用(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally

20、came.where指地點在定語從句中做地點狀語(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.why指原因在定語從句中做原因狀語(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關系副詞引導的從句可以由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的從句替換(1) The reason

21、 why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he gr介詞和關系代詞1）介詞后面的關系代詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3） 某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的介詞+關系詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關系副詞when ,where和why 互換。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is

22、 the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?This is the reason why he came late.This is the reason for which he came late.介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時從句常由介詞+關系代詞引導當介詞放在關系代詞前面時，關系代詞只能用which/whom即“介詞+whi

23、ch/whom且不能省略。但當介詞位于末尾時可用that/which/who/whom.作介詞的賓語，且可以省略。例如：(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.that/which可以省略= The school in which he once studied is very famous.which”不可省略(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.= Tomorrow I will bring here a m

24、agazine for which you asked.(3) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.= Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T=正確)F This i

25、s the watch for which I am looking. (F=錯誤)2. 若介詞放在關系代詞前，關系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that；關系代詞是所有格時用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)The plane in that we fle

26、w in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介詞+關系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞、數(shù)詞或者名詞。(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class

27、 in all, most of whom are from big cities.(4) The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous.(5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.關系代詞關系代詞（一般情況下）that 可用在從句做主語，謂動詞的賓語，但是不能做介詞的賓語。which指物，在從句中作主語，謂語或賓語；who在從句中作主語；whom在從句中作賓語；where在從句中修飾表地點的名詞，做地點狀語；when在從句中通常修飾表時間的

28、名詞，做時間狀語；why在從句中做原因狀語，先行詞通常是the reason有時why也可用for+which代替。例：A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.主語 謂語 先行詞 定語從句修飾先行詞判斷介詞和關系代詞方法一： 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關系副詞或者是介詞加關系代詞；而及物動詞后接賓語，則要求用關系代詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the

29、days when I worked together with you.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、狀)，也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.在句1中，is后應跟表語，只有the o

30、ne可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago則做one的定語從句。 關系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、賓語時，選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。先行詞和關系詞1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)但這兩句句子已經(jīng)不是定語從句了，是名詞性從句。因為定語從句一定要有先行詞，而名詞性從句沒有。將“Whoever”、“what”分別用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定語從句，先行詞分別是“Anyone”、“all”。由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句