非謂語動(dòng)詞 語法講解1 I.非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)形式對(duì)照表：及物與不及物 語態(tài)類別 時(shí) 態(tài) vt.vi.主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)ing 一般式一般式:(與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生發(fā)生)makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式:(先與謂語動(dòng)詞之先與謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)having made(不作定語）不作定語）having been made(不作定語）不作定語）having gone(不作定語）不作定語）ed只有一般式只有一般式:(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后，只說明原因、條先后，只說明原因、條件等件等)made(表被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)）gone(表完成）表完成）inf一般式一般式:(與謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞(幾幾乎乎)同時(shí)發(fā)生同時(shí)發(fā)生)to maketo be madeto go 完成式完成式:(先與謂語動(dòng)詞之先與謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)to have madeto have been madeto have gone進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式:(在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)to be making to be going22.2.非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可作的語法成份非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可作的語法成份 成份類別主主語語賓賓語語表表語語定定語語賓賓補(bǔ)補(bǔ) 狀狀 語語時(shí)時(shí)間間條條件件原原因因目目的的結(jié)結(jié)果果方方式式讓讓步步伴伴隨隨不定式現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞動(dòng)名詞 31.非謂語動(dòng)詞大都可在句中作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足非謂語動(dòng)詞大都可在句中作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語等語、表語、定語、狀語等.v1.To see you is glad.=Its glad to see you.v2.I want to see you.v3.I want him to see you.v4.My hope is to see you.v5.He is the man to see you.v6.Im glad to see you.v7.I went to see you.v8.He went so early as to see you（作主語）（作主語）(作賓語）作賓語）（作賓補(bǔ)）（作賓補(bǔ)）(作表語）作表語）（作定語）（作定語）（作原因狀語）（作原因狀語）（作目的狀語）（作目的狀語）（作結(jié)果狀語）（作結(jié)果狀語）4v1.Swimming is his favourite sport.v2.He enjoys swimming.v3.I found him swimming in the river.v4.His favourite sport is swimming.v5.He is the man swimming in the river just now.v6.Swimming in Summer,we can get cool.(作主語）作主語）(作賓語）作賓語）(作賓補(bǔ)）作賓補(bǔ)）(作表語）作表語）(作定語）作定語）(作狀語）作狀語）5v1.This cup is broken.v2.This is a broken cup.v3.I found the cup broken.v4.Broken by Tom,the cup cant be used.v過去分詞一般不作主語、賓語.(作表語作表語(作表語）作表語）(作賓語補(bǔ)足語）作賓語補(bǔ)足語）(作狀語）作狀語）6v3.分詞的用法比較vA.在時(shí)態(tài)上v1.China is a developing country =a country which is developing.v2.Japan is a developed country =a country which has developed.v3.I found him gone.=that he had gone.(表完成）ing分詞表分詞表“進(jìn)行進(jìn)行”ed分詞表分詞表“完成完成”7B.在語態(tài)上，在語態(tài)上，ing分詞表分詞表“主動(dòng)主動(dòng)”，ed分詞表分詞表“被動(dòng)被動(dòng)”（多為及物動(dòng)詞）（多為及物動(dòng)詞）v1.I saw him writing a short novel.=that he was writing a short novel.v2.He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens.=which was written by Charles Dichens.在概念上，ing.表“抽象抽象、習(xí)慣”,不定式表“具體具體、偶然、將來”.*Swimming(抽象）抽象）is my favourite sport and I like swimming(習(xí)慣）習(xí)慣）every day,but I dont like to swim(具具體）體）today,I would like to swim(將來）將來）tomorrow.8C.分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，只分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，只能用作狀語能用作狀語.vThe platform having been built will be used to perform on.v1.The platform built will be used to perform on.The platform which has been built will be used to perform on.v2.Having given her opinion about the building,she left the meeting.Having been used for a long time,the computer needs repairing.作定語作狀語9D.ed+主句（不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后）主句（不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后）;Being ed+主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）;Having been ed+主句（強(qiáng)主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后）如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后可用調(diào)時(shí)間先后）如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后可用ed,一般式來代替一般式來代替.v1.Used as a means of traffic in China,the bike is very useful.Written in simple English,the book is easy to readv2.Being used by me now,the bike cant be lent to you.v3.Having been used for many years,the bike needs repairing.Having been told several times,可以寫成=Told several times,he couldnt understand what I meant.104.非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：v.下列動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語下列動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語：aim,ask,dare,appear,arrange,demand,help,hesitate,pay,plan,wait,fail,seek,prepare,happen,mean,prove,expect,wish,hope,decide,refuse,offer,learn,agree,choose,promise,pretend,manage,care,determine,afford等。如：He offered to help us.I didnt expect to find you here They refused to accept his invitation The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in11(2)下列動(dòng)詞通常用下列動(dòng)詞通常用ing形式作賓語形式作賓語：vadmit,report,appreciate,deny,explain,mention,resist,stand,stop,imagine,recall,suggest,mind,finish,enjoy,keep,practise,miss,avoid,delay,excuse,escape,consider,advise等。等。如 ：1）Would you mind my smoking here?2）The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day 3）Good news keeps coming.Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm 12(3)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接ing形式意義相近：形式意義相近：vlike，love,hate,dislike,begin,start,prefer，continue,intend，attempt等等.e.g：I prefer making(to make)an outline before I do my oral composition We all like playing(to play)table tennisv但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別區(qū)別：v*指具體某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常的行為常用ing形式.v如：I like reading books of this kind(慣常行為)v I hate to say so，but really I cant go with you(具體某次行為)13I prefer to stay at home today(具體某次行為)He prefers walking to cycling(慣常行為)*一般說來不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 如：I began to realize I had been wrong.We hate to lose the chance.Now we are beginning to see it more clearly.14(4)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接ing形式意義不同形式意義不同：vstop to do 停下停下(正在做的事正在做的事)去做另一件事去做另一件事/stop doing 停下正在做的事停下正在做的事e.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag,I stopped to help him Hearing the bell,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroomvforget to do忘記做某事忘記做某事(此事未做此事未做)/forget doing忘記曾做過某事忘記曾做過某事(此事已做此事已做)He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office Ill never forget seeing him for the first time15vremember to do記得要做某事記得要做某事(此事未做此事未做)/remember doing記得某事已做過記得某事已做過(此事已做此事已做)e.g.：I remember seeing her once somewhere You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave homevgo on to do繼續(xù)做另一件事繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing接著做同接著做同一件事一件事e.g.：She stood up and shook hands with me,and then she went on writing something AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovelvtry to do企圖想做某事企圖想做某事 try doing試著做某事試著做某事(看看看看有什么后果發(fā)生有什么后果發(fā)生)e.g.：We tried to persuade him to go with us,but he wouldnt listen Lets try doing the work some other way.16vmean to do (意思是意思是)打算做某事打算做某事 mean doing意味著做某事意味著做某事 e.g.：Revolution means librating the productive forceSorry,I didnt mean to hurt youvregret to do遺憾地做某事遺憾地做某事(通常后接通常后接say,tell等動(dòng)詞等動(dòng)詞)/regret doing后悔做了某事后悔做了某事e.g.：I regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam againHe regretted having told her the bad news17(5)動(dòng)詞如：動(dòng)詞如：(permit,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider)advise sb to do sthadvise doing sthvadvise sb to do sthe.g.：The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.Please permit me to introduce myself to you first You surely cant consider him to be a selfish man My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes.18v*注意：v*在在imagineconsider后通常用后通常用“to be”作賓語補(bǔ)足語。作賓語補(bǔ)足語。to be有時(shí)可省略。有時(shí)可省略。e.g.：Youd better imagine yourself(to be)in his placeThe situation was considered(to be)pretty goodv*在consider后，作賓補(bǔ)不定式主要是to be，行為動(dòng)詞to do則多用to have done 形式。如:We all considered him to have told a lie.19vadvisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsider doing sth.e.g.：The little boy admitted having broken the glassvThey shouldnt allow parking in the street;its too narrow.vCan you imagine my being so stupid?vI forbid smoking in my housevWe do not permit smoking in the office20即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)用所給動(dòng)詞的to do 或doing 形式填空：v1)Little Tom regretted _(waste)so much time playing computer games.v2)They were expecting _(get)the results of the examination.v3)Will you advise me which of them _(buy)?v4)On the bus the young man pretended _(not see)the old woman standing beside him.having wasted to get to buy not to see 21v5)We all consider John_(be)an honest boy.v6)Our boss forbids_(chat)during office hours.v7)The rules do not permit players _(step)out of bounds.v8)The boy begged to permit him_(explain).v9)The young man imagined _(live)on a lonely island.v10)It was useless to forbid children _(play)here.to play living to explain to step chatting to be 22v11)Why have they delayed _(open)the new school?v12)She enjoys _(practise)_(dance)before the large mirror.v13)By taking the back way,he escaped _(see).v14)Id prefer _(stay)here waiting for his arrival.v15)As the meeting was beginning,we all stopped _(talk).opening practicing being seen to stay talking dancing 23v16)This kind of car is nice but I cant afford _(buy)one.v17)Im sorry I forgot _(tell)you about the meeting.v18)She tried _(comfort)me by saying some funny things v19)Going on waiting here means _(waste)our time.v20)They went on _(work)in the fields in spite of the heavy rain.working wasting comforting to tell to buy 242)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別：v（1）現(xiàn)在分詞用來說明主語的性質(zhì)，可用very 來修飾。v如：The news is surprising.(surprising 用來說明The news 的性質(zhì).可以說very surprising.)vHis words were encouraging.(encouraging 用來說明His words 的性質(zhì).可以說very encouraging.)v*動(dòng)名詞和主語說的是同一件事，不可用very 來修飾。v如：My job is teaching English.(My job=teaching English,不可說very teaching English.)vTeaching is also learning.(Teaching=learning,不可說very learning.)25v(2)注意現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別。v如：His view is very alarming(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì))vWhat he likes to do is staying at home alone and reading.(動(dòng)名詞作表語表示的是某一件事情)vHe is watching the football game on TV.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行)v*過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別。v如：My bike is broken.(broken 形容詞作表語，表示“狀態(tài)”)。v My bike was broken by Jim(動(dòng)詞過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示“動(dòng)作”)26(3)還要注意現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語在意義上的區(qū)別。v*過去分詞作表語表示人的感覺，主語通常是人?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示事物本身的特點(diǎn)，主語通常是事物。v如：Im interested in English(我的感覺，覺得有趣.The film is interesting(電影本身的特點(diǎn)是使人有趣.)v類似情況還有：surprising surprised,exciting excited,tiring tired,disappointing disappointed,encouraging encouraged，interesting interested，amazed amazing,bored boring,pleasing pleased,astonishing astonished.27即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)v用所給動(dòng)詞的to do或doing形式填空：v1)The journey was quite_(tire)v2)The story is very_We are_ in it(interest)v3、The result of the exam made me _(disappoint)v4)This was really an _moment(excite)v5)The _boy couldnt believe his ears(astonish)tiringtiringinterestedinteresteddisappointeddisappointedexcitingexcitingastonishedastonishedinterestinginteresting28即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)v6)It was a _ storyWe didnt want to listen again(bore)v7)He seemed quite _at the idea(delight)v8)The problem was quite_(press)v9)The present situation is _(encourage)v10)I was _at what she said(puzzle)boringboringdelighteddelightedpressingpressingencouragingencouragingpuzzledpuzzled294)不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語的區(qū)別：v(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。v如：I have something important to tell youv The poor children had little to eatv它和被修飾的名詞有時(shí)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。v如：There is some books for you to read(可看成：to read some books)vId like to get something to drink(可看成：to drink something)30v如果這這個(gè)作定語的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，注意不可忽略不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。v如：I need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen)v She now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing)31(2)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語的區(qū)別v*現(xiàn)在分詞和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。單個(gè)分詞作定語放在被修飾的名詞的前面，分詞短語放在被修飾的名詞的后面。v如：A fishing boy was seen sitting at the end