(完整word版)定語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)從句 一，定語(yǔ) ? 句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語(yǔ). ? 定語(yǔ)可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞,動(dòng)名詞或從句來(lái)充當(dāng). ?? eg： She is a beautiful girl. (形容詞） ????? I met someone funny on my way to Beijing。 (形容詞）(修飾不定代詞的定語(yǔ)后置） ????? He is an English teacher.? （名詞）? ????? ?（名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用單數(shù)，例外的有sports， 如 a sports star） ????? I have a lot of work to do. （不定式） ????? The book written by a schoolboy is very popular now。 （過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)） ????? We can see the rising sun. (現(xiàn)在分詞） = the sun is rising. ????? He is in the reading room。? （動(dòng)名詞）??? = the room for reading ????? The boy who broke the window is Tom’s brother。 （從句） 注意：1.形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾的詞前面；但當(dāng)形容詞修飾的是something， anything, everything, nothing, someone， everyone, everybody, somewhere等不定代詞時(shí),要放在這些詞的后面。 ??????? present （在場(chǎng)的）， absent (缺席的)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)需要后置.? students present / absent ????? 2。 不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。 ????? 3? 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后 ????????? 1）分詞前置：?jiǎn)为?dú)的一個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，一般放在所修飾詞前?！? 　???????? ????He is a retired worker.　 他是位退休的工人 　????? ??2）分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面 ???????? ? i. 分詞詞組；??There was a girl sitting there。　有個(gè)女孩坐在那里 ?????????? ii。 個(gè)別分詞如given， left； ??????? ????? ??This is the question given?！　?這是所給的問(wèn)題 ????????? iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等??? ??????????? ???There is nothing interesting.　 沒(méi)有有趣的東西 　??????? 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。 　?????????? Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists。? 　????? = Most of the people who were invited to the party were from South Africa ? 二,定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clauses） 在句中做定語(yǔ),修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。 　　關(guān)系代詞有：who， whom， whose， that， which等。 ?? 關(guān)系副詞有：when， where， why等. ???? ? I like the books? that are written by Mr. Green. ?????? ????????先行詞??? 關(guān)系詞 A．?關(guān)系詞： 關(guān)系詞通常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，指代先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。 ? ? 關(guān)系詞類別 關(guān)系詞 先行詞 充當(dāng)從句中的句子成分 關(guān)系代詞 who 人 主，賓，表 whom 人 賓 which 物 主,賓，表 that 人或物 主，賓,表 as 人或物 主，賓，表 whose 人或物 定 關(guān)系副詞 where 地點(diǎn) 狀 when 時(shí)間 狀 why reason 狀 ? ?Anyone who breaks the law will surely be punished。 1.????? 先行詞指人時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞： （1）指人時(shí)，who和that都可以使用. （2）who和whom都可以作定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)，但從句中的介詞提前時(shí)，不能用who. ???? He is the man who / whom I talked to you about. ?? = He is the man about whom I talked to you。? (3）先行詞是人時(shí),只用who， 不用或少用that的情況: ?? a。?當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones， anyone時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞一般只用who， 不用that ????? 如果先行詞是someone, 也可用that ?????? He is not one who is easily frightened。? ? ?????I think Joe is the one who borrowed my peo。 ?????? The ones who tell lies won’t gain others' trust. ???? ??Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police. ?????? Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see you. ?? b.?先行詞是those時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般用who不用that????? ???? ? Those who don’t wish to go need not go。 ?? c.? There be 句型中，修飾人的定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who來(lái)引導(dǎo) ?????? There is a certain old man in the village who none of us likes。 ?? d。?? 若一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，第一個(gè)已經(jīng)用that, 則第二個(gè)一般用who ????? The man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us a? ???? ? report yesterday。 ???e.? 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who ?????I came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who was still??? ?????? beautiful。 ??? f?? 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只用who來(lái)引導(dǎo), 不用that? ????????He has a son, who is a doctor。 (4）當(dāng)先行詞是人，只用that不用who的情況： ??? a。?? 以who開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句,定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞如果是人，關(guān)系代詞只用that不用who ????????? Who is the girl that said hello to you just now? ??? b。? 當(dāng)先行詞既有人也有物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只用that來(lái)引導(dǎo) ??????? They ofter talk about the person and things that they remember. ??? c。? 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用that來(lái)引導(dǎo) ????? ? He’s changed。 He is not the man that he was。 ??? d。? 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只用that。?? ????? ? This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met。 ??? e.? 當(dāng)先行詞是other時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只用that 引導(dǎo). ??????? You can ask the old man or any other that was there at the time。 2。??先行詞是物時(shí)that 和which一般可以互換使用，但有時(shí)不可換用。 （1）???? 下列場(chǎng)合一般用that： ??? a。?先行詞是all， much, anything， something， nothing， everything， little， the ??????? one， none等不定代詞 ???????? We should do all that is useful to the people。? ???? ????The little that I have seen of his work is satisfactory. ??? b。?先行詞被序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)以及first， last, any， only， few, much, no, ?????? some, very等詞修飾 ?????? The first book that I bought in this bookstore is a dictionary。 ?????? The last person that I talked with in London is my girlfriend ??????? The best teacher that I have ever met has gone abroad?? ????? ?You can take any seat that is vacant. ??? c。?先行詞有兩個(gè)：一個(gè)指人,另一個(gè)指物? ???????? I miss all the people and places that we visited last summer ??? d. ?主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句. ??? e。? There be 句型中，????? There is a seat in the corner that is free. ??? f.? 先行詞為數(shù)詞時(shí)? ????? Three buildings have been completed， but there are two that are still ?????? under construction。 (2)???? 下列場(chǎng)合不能用that ?????? a. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，即逗號(hào)后的定語(yǔ)從句不用that引導(dǎo)，指人時(shí)用who或whom， 指 ????????? 物時(shí)用which. ?????? b.? 在“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中不用that， 指人時(shí)用whom， 指物時(shí)用which. ??????????? This is the book about which we are talking. ???????c.? 先行詞為that， those時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which指物,who指人 ??????????? What’s that which you have got in your hand? ?????? d.? 兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)用了that， 另一個(gè)則用which. ?????????? Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was ?????????????newly open to us。 ?????? e.? 關(guān)系代詞后有插入語(yǔ)時(shí),只用which ?????????? Here are some stamps which – I think – you can take away. 3.?? 當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可以省略。 4.? 當(dāng)先行詞指時(shí)間，地點(diǎn),原因（the reason)時(shí)，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，用when, ???? where, why ??? 如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則用that 或 which。 ???? I want to visit the place where my mother was born。 ?? = I want to visit the place in which my mother was born。?????? ???? I still remember the years when I studied in the middle school。 ?? = I still remember the years in which I studied in the middle school. ???? I don’t know the reason why he didn’t agree with us。 ?? = I didn’t know the reason for which he didn't agree with us。 5。? 當(dāng)先行詞是the way， 并且關(guān)系詞在從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用that， in which引導(dǎo)，也可 ??? 省略. ??? 當(dāng)先行詞是time, time 當(dāng)“次數(shù)”講時(shí),用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，且that可以省略；當(dāng)time表 ??? 示“一段時(shí)間，時(shí)間”講時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用when或at / during which引導(dǎo) ??? I don’t like the way (that / in which) he talked to his mother. ??? I can hardly remember how many times （that） I've failed. ??? I'll never forget the time when / at which we visited your hometown.? 6.??當(dāng)先行詞family， class， team, army， company等被當(dāng)作單數(shù)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中用which， ??? 被當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用who或whom.? ???? The family, which is a large and rich one, was poor.?? ?? ??The party, who are all children， have lost their way。 7.?當(dāng)先行詞是動(dòng)物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句一般用which ??? The dog， which he had kept for five years, was killed by someone yesterday。 B．“介詞 + which / whom"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常常將介詞前置于作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞前， I love the music that I can dance to。 = I love the music to which I can dance。 ??? ?The man who I talked to just now is my brother.= The man to whom I talked just now is my brother。 介詞后面的關(guān)系詞指人時(shí)只用whom, 不能用who或that; 指物時(shí)只用which,不能用that. 注意，并非所有情況下介詞都可以前移,含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可拆開，介詞仍需放在動(dòng)詞后面,如：look for, look after, take care of等。 “介詞+ which / whom”前還可以用some， any， none, all, both， neither, many， most， each， few等代詞，名詞或數(shù)詞等。 His sons, both of whom loved music very much， spent most of their money on CDs。 The house， the roof of which is blue, will be used as a library. ? C.??? 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系不密切，去掉定語(yǔ)從句,句子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開,使用時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： l???????? 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能用that引導(dǎo) l???????? 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞不能省略. ? D．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的用法 ?1. as可引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，用于such…as….,? so….as….,? the same…。as… 結(jié)構(gòu)中。 ????He bought me such a watch as was advertised in the newspaper. ?? 注意:比較 the same… as…. 和 the same… that…. ???? He bought me the same watch as I lost last week.他買了一塊和我上星期丟的一樣的 ??????? 表。（一樣，但不是同一個(gè)) ???? He bought me the same watch that I lost last week。? 他把我上星期丟的那塊表又 ?????? 買回來(lái)了.（同一個(gè)） ?2. 當(dāng)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞,而是整個(gè)主句時(shí)，可以用which 或as引 ??? 導(dǎo)。 ? 在以下情況下用as引導(dǎo)： ???? a。?? 從句意思為“正如/正像。。.一樣” ???? b.?? 從句位于句首,構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)： ???????? as is well known 眾所周知?? as often happens 這種情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生? ???????? as is often the case 情況經(jīng)常這樣?? as is supposed? 如所預(yù)料的一樣 ???????? as has been pointed out? 如所指出的?? as has been said before? 如前所說(shuō) ? 在下面情況經(jīng)常用which引導(dǎo)： ?? 主句和從句表示因果關(guān)系。???? He lost the game, which made us very disappointed. ?? 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是否定意義。He gained a big fortune, which meant nothing to him. ? E．其他： ?? 1. 分隔定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間被其他成分分隔開來(lái)，這種定語(yǔ)從句叫做分隔定語(yǔ)從句,此時(shí)須注意辨別從句的先行詞。 ???? The days are gone when we suffered so much.? ???? The boss of the company, whose name was Mr。 Joe， told the story. ?? 2. 定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)與先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。 ???? 注意：先行詞前有one of 修飾,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)； ??????? (not the only one of… = one of…） ?????????? 先行詞前有the (only） one of 修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 ????? Tim is one of the students who are going to study abroad.???? （很多學(xué)生出國(guó)，Tim 是其中之一） ??????Tim is not the only one of the students who are going to study abroad. ????? Tim is the one of the students who is going to study abroad。?? （學(xué)生中只有Tim一個(gè)人出國(guó)） 現(xiàn)象: 1)????? The girl who dances beautifully gave us a performance that day． 2)????? Do you know the comrade who spoke just now？ 3)????? She is not the girl that she was three years ago． 4)????? This is the book that I bought last week． 5）????? I have a house which faces the south． 6)????? He'll read all the books that are sold here． 7)????? These are some questions that I want to ask you． 概念： ?? 在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句翻譯模式： “……的"。 特點(diǎn)： 1)??? 從句開頭的that， which, who, whom等叫引導(dǎo)詞,它們的作用是把從句引導(dǎo)出來(lái). 2）??? 在理論上,從句都有引導(dǎo)詞。 3）??? 常見的定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有that， which， who, who， whose等. 4)??? 引導(dǎo)詞其實(shí)指代它所說(shuō)明的名詞或代詞。 5）??? 引導(dǎo)詞同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成份（主語(yǔ)\賓語(yǔ)\定語(yǔ)\狀語(yǔ))。 6）??? 定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞或代詞(先行詞)后面(有例外情況）. 7）??? 先行詞指定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明（修飾)的名詞或代詞。 引導(dǎo)詞的用法: 引導(dǎo)詞指代人(先行詞是人)的情況（主\賓\定）： Do you know the comrade who spoke just now? The boy that/whom I like most is not only tall and handsome but generous. This is the girl whose father is a driver。 引導(dǎo)詞指代物（先行詞是物）的情況(主\賓\定）: I have a house which is located on the hillside． This is the book that/which I bought last week． These are some questions that I want to ask you． I want to buy the house whose windows are large and red。 引導(dǎo)詞作主語(yǔ)的情況： 1）??????? The woman who often comes is Tom’s mother。 2）??????? I have found a man who can repair my watch． 3)??????? He is a man who should learn from other