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1、考研翻譯寫作基礎(chǔ)英語相對于漢語的特點：1.邏輯性2.簡潔性3.多樣性e.g.（英 語 一1995-72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.2詞 性3詞性 成 份（主 謂 賓 定 狀 補）名 詞n.主 語 賓 語 定 語 補 語代 詞

2、pron.主 語 賓 語 定 語 補 語動 詞v.謂 語形容詞adj.定 語 補 語副 詞adv.狀 語 補 語介 詞prep.連 詞conj.動 詞動 詞：及 物 不 及 物、實 義 系 動 詞、動 作 結(jié) 果、瞬 間 延 續(xù)介 詞4謂語動詞 謂 語非謂語ing 主 語 賓 語 定 語 狀 語 補 語非謂語ed 定 語 狀 語 補 語非謂語to 主 語 賓 語 定 語 狀 語 補 語介詞詞組（介詞+名詞/v-ing）定語 狀語 補語連詞5并列連詞（詞、詞組、句子）and,or,nor,but,yet,so從屬連詞（主要連句子）That:that Wh-:which,who,whom,whos

3、e,when,where,what,why,how,whether Other:because,if,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,as soon as,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,every time,the moment/minute/second/instant多性多義：upset school fine performance mass toll subject bear61.SV 主謂2.SVO 主謂賓3.SVC 主系表4.SVOO 主謂賓賓5.SVOC 主謂賓

4、賓補五大基本句型的重要性：1.英語中的主干結(jié)構(gòu)2.英漢語基本一致7e.g.1.Peter looked.2.She looks around.3.The job is finished.主謂間的關(guān)系：1.主動：主語為謂語動作的發(fā)出者2.被動：主語為謂語動作的接受者8主語屬性：名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)1.名詞2.代詞（主格）3.動名詞（ing）4.不定式（to）5.主語從句 9謂語屬性：動詞1.主動：不及物動詞2.被動：及物動詞判斷及物不及物動詞的誤區(qū)：根據(jù)中文意思判斷動詞及物不及物 1 0e.g.1.I watch TV.2.The students are looking at the teacher.主

5、謂賓間的關(guān)系（只有主動）：1.主語為謂語動作的發(fā)出者2.賓語為謂語動作的接受者1 1謂語屬性：動詞1.及物動詞2.不及物動詞+介詞賓語屬性：名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)1.名詞2.代詞（賓格）3.動名詞（ing）4.不定式（to）5.賓語從句 1 2e.g.1.I am excited/a college student/in the classroom/home.2.I feel happy.3.Everyone stayed calm.4.Food goes bad easily in summer.1 3系動詞的類型：1.be動詞2.感官動詞 appear,look,feel,taste,smell,so

6、und,seem3.“保持”類動詞 keep,remain,stay,stand(firm)4.“變化”類動詞become,go,turn,grow,get,fall(ill),come(true),run(dry)1 4表語的屬性：1.形容詞2.名詞3.介詞短語4.副詞（表位置）5.不定式（to)6.表語從句1 5e.g.1.He gave me some advice.2.He gave some advice to me.可帶雙賓的動詞：“給予”類動詞give,buy,tell,leave,lend,offer,pay,show,teach,bring,do,make,pass,sell

7、,send,sing,write,spare1 6e.g.1.I regard you as the best friend.2.You make me happy.3.Parents expect their children to be excellent.4.I see my students doing their homework.5.I find all the housework done.6.The president appointed him the sales manager.1 7賓補的形式：1.I regard you as the best friend.2.You

8、 make me happy.3.Parents expect their children to be excellent.4.I see my students doing their homework.5.I find all the housework done.6.The president appointed him the sales manager.賓補的作用：賓補是對賓語的補充說明 賓語+賓補可在意思上構(gòu)成“主謂”、“主謂賓”或“主系表”關(guān)系1 8常見可帶賓補動詞：make,call,name,think,elect,appoint,consider,want,wish,ex

9、pect,keep,have,leave,drive,catch,stop,allow,get,find,regard,ask,remind,prefer,encourage,tell,order,like,hate,help,paint,cut,mind.注意：賓補通常都出現(xiàn)在上述動詞的固定搭配中。1 9the college students in the classroom結(jié)論：1.定語修飾名詞2.英語中定語分前置后后置3.英語中簡單定語前置，復雜定語后置英語中定語位置及基本形式（前二后六）：1.前置定語：形容詞、名詞2.后置定語：介詞詞組、-ing分詞詞組、-ed分詞詞組、不定式、形容

10、詞詞組、定語從句2 0the college students in the classroom教室里的大學生結(jié)論：漢語中只有前置定語2 1什么是狀語（adverbial）?1.狀語修一般修飾動詞2.狀語經(jīng)常由副詞充當2 2He got to the station quickly.英語中狀語的位置：1.Quickly,he got to the station.（主語前）2.He quickly got to the station.（動詞前）3.He got quickly to the station.（動詞后）4.He got to the station quickly.（賓語后）2

11、 3英語中狀語的位置：1.At a high speed,he got to the station.（主語前）2.He,at a high speed,got to the station.（動詞前）3.He got,at a high speed,to the station.（動詞后）4.He got to the station at a high speed.（賓語后）注意：狀語的四個位置對狀語的形式?jīng)]有限制。2 4英語中狀語的基本形式：1.副詞2.介詞詞組3.-ing分詞詞組4.-ed分詞詞組5.不定式6.形容詞詞組7.狀語從句2 5漢語中狀語的位置：He got to the s

12、tation quickly.1.他很快就到了車站。（動詞前）2.很快，他就到了車站。（主語前）2 6從句類型：1.定語從句2.名詞從句（主從、賓從、表從、同從）3.狀語從句2 7含義：句：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)從：從屬連詞/引導詞從句基本結(jié)構(gòu)：引導詞（只能使用一個）+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)引導詞的作用：共同作用：連接主從句獨特作用：每種從句中各不相同2 0 2 1-8-1 3 2 8引導詞的類型：that:that wh-:which,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whether 其它從屬連詞:because,if,before,after,while,since,as,

13、until,till,once,as soon as,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,every time,the moment/minute/second/instant2 0 2 1-8-1 3 2 9e.g.although he came home.that he came home.when he came home.容易引起混淆的引導詞：that/wh-2 0 2 1-8-1 3 3 0定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：1.引導詞 That:that Wh-:which/who/whom/whose/when/where/why（注意：h

14、ow/what/whether一般不能引導定語從句）2.作后置定語3 1基本結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞結(jié)構(gòu)/句子+引導詞這是我昨天買的那本書。This is the book that/which I bought yesterday.定語從句的特點：1、引導詞指代被修飾的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，甚至句子2、引導詞在定語從句中充當成分，但無意義3、句子語意一定不完整3 21.Think about driving a route thats very familiar.2.According to Ben-Shalar,realistic optimists are those who make the best of t

15、hings that happen,but not those who believe everything happens for the best.3.“It was a really bad move because thats not my passion,”says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales.4.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.5.The eff

16、ect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.6.While producing large quantities of CO2,these computers emit a great deal of heat,so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,which uses even more energy.3 3這是我昨天買的那本書。This is the book that/which I bought yesterday.定從使用前提（一）：帶有動詞的“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)我訂了一間窗戶朝

17、南的房間。I booked a room whose window faced south.3 4試對比：這是我昨天買的那本書。我訂了一間窗戶朝南的房間。注意：當“的”結(jié)構(gòu)為完整句子時，需要注意引導詞的使用。一般可以通過還原的方法加以確定。還原方法：將“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)所修飾名詞帶入完整句子，確定其成份。3 5我訂了一間窗戶朝南的房間?！暗摹苯Y(jié)構(gòu)：窗戶朝南所修飾名詞：房間還原后：1.房間的窗戶朝南。I booked a room whose window faced south.2.在房間里，窗戶朝南。I booked a room in which/where the window faced s

18、outh.3 6我買了一本書。這本書給我提供了很大的幫助。I bought a book,which gave me great help.定語從句使用前提（二）：相鄰句子有名詞重復時，可使用定語從句合并翻譯。合并方法：找出重復名詞，用相應引導詞替代，進行句子合并。3 7他離開了學校。這讓我大吃一驚。He left the school,which surprised me greatly.注意：當重復部分為句子時，必須使用逗號+which的定語從句。3 81.條件：引導詞作從句的主語2.方法：省略引導詞，改謂語動詞為非謂語動詞。3.非謂語動詞的三種基本形式：-ing：表主動、正在進行-ed：

19、被動、已經(jīng)完成to：表將來、目的3 9I bought a book,which provided great help.I bought a book providing great help.現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語I bought a book,which was written by the best novelist in the world.I bought a book written by the best novelist in the world.過去分詞短語作后置定語4 0I bought a book,which would solve all my problems i

20、n English learning.I bought a book to solve all my problems in English learning.I bought a book,which would be revised soon.I bought a book to be revised soon.不定式作后置定語4 1I bought a book,which was able to solve all my problems in English learning.I bought a book able to solve all my problems in Engli

21、sh learning.形容詞短語作后置定語4 21.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.2.To deliver results to its users quickly,then,Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world,packed with powerful computers.3.One could interpret much of

22、the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable,but the courage to fight it renders life worth living4.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical

23、inquiry.4 3 我找到了導致這場意外的原因。這座房子就是他出生的地方。我參加過無數(shù)考試，幾乎沒有不及格過。他獲得了比賽的一等獎。我感到十分高興。4 4名詞從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：1.引導詞 That:that Wh-:which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever),what(ever),whose,how(ever),when(ever),where(ever),why,whether 其他：because/as if/as though（表從）,if（賓從）2.充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語4 51.That he cheated in the exam will be ev

24、entually discovered.2.You dont know which I bought yesterday.3.My question is how I can further my study in this university.4.No one can deny the fact that I am Chinese.名詞從句的特點：1、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語意均完整2、引導詞無指代3、that無意義、不充當成分；wh-有意義、充當成分4 6基本結(jié)構(gòu)：引導詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)+謂語1.That he cheated in the exam will be eventually discover

25、ed.2.It is obvious that he cheated in the exam.注 意：1.帶 有 正 常 主 語 從 句 的 句 子 一 般 呈 現(xiàn) 出“一 主 兩 謂”的 結(jié) 構(gòu)。2.形 式 主 語 只 能 代 替 主 從、不 定 式 和 動 名 詞（動 詞ing），不 能代 替 名 詞 和 代 詞4 71.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the informati

26、on used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.2.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.3.Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a count

27、rys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.4.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,

28、but this effect is not a part of its original motive.4 8我們什么時候能成功取決于我們自身的努力。When we can succeed depends on our own efforts.主語從句使用的前提（一）：句子充當主語翻譯方法：名詞從句可以基本按照語序翻譯，但引導詞要置于句首。4 9我們最終取得了成功依靠的是我們自身的努力。That we finally succeeded depended on our own efforts.試對比：我們什么時候能成功取決于我們自身的努力。我們最終取得了成功依靠的是我們自身的努力。注意：當主

29、語從句為陳述句句意時，必須在句首加上引導詞that。5 0他離開了學校。這讓我大吃一驚。That he left the school surprised me greatly.主語從句使用的前提（二）：前句為后句的主語翻譯方法：用前句代替后句的主語。5 1我們什么時候能成功還是一個未知數(shù)。When we can succeed is still unknown/a mystery.It is still unknown/a mystery when we can succeed.形式主語使用的常見形式：1.It is adj.that/wh-.2.It is n.that/wh.3.It i

30、s-ed that.It is said that we succeeded.5 2It is 觀點動詞-ed that.的變形：1.變動詞It is said/reported/predicted/estimated/supposed/believed/thought/assumed that.It is widely believed that.It is universally believed that.2.加情態(tài)動詞It may/can/should/must be said/admitted that.It cant be denied that.5 3 中國贏得2010年世博會舉

31、辦權(quán)，靠的是國際社會的支持。中國堅持和平發(fā)展是基于中國國情的必然選擇。5 4基本結(jié)構(gòu)：1.及物動詞+引導詞+主謂2.介 詞+引導詞+主謂 You dont know which I bought yesterday.I know that you are right.I am listening to what you are saying.Most students regard it as a great success that they can study in a good university.注意：1.及 物 動 詞 后 的 賓 從 可 以 由that 和wh-引 導，但 介 詞

32、 后 面 的 賓 從 只 能 由wh-詞 引 導。2.形 式 賓 語 只 能 代 替 主 從、不 定 式 和 動 名 詞（動 詞ing），不 能 代 替 名 詞和 代 詞5 51.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.2.They want to explain why we possess cer tain characteristics and exhibit certain behav

33、iors.3.He asserts,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.5 6你很難想象我當時有多吃驚。You can hardly imagine how surprised I was at that time.賓語從句使用的前提（一）：句子充當賓語翻譯方法：名詞從句可以基本按照語序翻譯，但引導詞要置于句首。5 7帶形式賓語的常見結(jié)構(gòu)：take it for granted that.理所當然地認為 make it clear that.澄清、表明 regard it as.