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1、15 Principles of biological reactions生物反應原則Biological reactions may be classified ad aerobic, anaerobic, or photosynthetic according to the predominate type of microbial activity and all three are of importance in biological processes used for wastewater treatment. there are several basic principles

2、 which are common to all three of these classifications. In each ease a source of cellular building blocks, such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,nitrogen,and phosphorous as either organic or inorganic compounds must first be transported into the cell in a soluble form. 生物反應，可分為好氧，厭氧，或光合，據該占優(yōu)勢類型的微生物的活動，所

3、有三個因素是用于廢水處理的重要的生物過程。這里有所有上述3個類別的幾個常見的基本原則.在每一個細胞質組成部分，如碳，氧，氫，氮，磷，因為無論是有機或無機化合物，必須先以一種可溶性形式運送到細胞中。Rates of solution or mass transfer into the cell can therefore limit the overall reaction rate.（溶解速率，或大規(guī)模轉移到細胞，因而可以限制總的反應速率。） Hydrogen acceptors must be present and aerobic organisms use oxygen for this

4、 purpose while anaerobic organisms use such compounds as sulfates, nitrats, carbon disoxide, or organic compounds.（，好氧生物為此利用氧和厭氧生物體利用硫酸鹽,硝酸鹽 ，碳氧化物，或有機化合物這些化合物，受氫體必須在場。） Energy must be supplied to the organism either in the form of energy contained in chemical compounds or as radiant energy form sunl

5、ight.（能源必須提供給機體，無論化學化合物形式的能量或陽光形式的輻射能）A fraction of this energy is used to drive a synthesis reaction for the production of more microorganisms; the remainder is dissipated as heat.（一小股這樣的能量是用來驅動合成反應，為生產更多的微生物;其余是以熱量的形式完全消退。） The effect of the heat generated on the reactor temperature can usually be

6、 neglected since the low concentration of organics in most wastewaters results in the generation of only a small amount of heat.(產生的熱量對反應器溫度的影響，通常可以被忽略，因為低濃度的有機物在大多數廢水中生成的，只有少量的熱量。)The microorganisms also form waste products with the type of product being dependent on the species of microorganisms a

7、nd environmental conditions.微生物也形成何種類型的廢物，正取決于微生物的物種和環(huán)境條件。 The more desirable products are gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, or methane, which can be easily separated from the liquid phase. （更可取的產品是氣體，如二氧化碳，氮，氧，或甲烷，可以很容易地脫離液相。）Some gases and volatile compounds such as hydrogen sulfide

8、, amines, mercaptand, etc., are undesirable because of their odor which may create air pollution problems in the vicinity of the treatment plant. （一些氣體和揮發(fā)性化合物，如硫化氫，胺， 硫醇等，目前并不可取，因為它們的氣味，可能在附近的污水處理廠造成空氣污染的問題。）A special requirement for most biological processes used in wastewater treatment is the prod

9、uction of flocculant microorganisms that can be easily separated from the liqud stream in a concentrated form by such physical processes as gravity sedimentation, centrifugation, or vacuum filtration.（對于大多數生物過程中使用的廢水處理的一個特殊的要求，是生產微生物絮凝劑可以通過重力沉淀，離心，或真空過濾這樣的物理過程很容易脫離液流。）From a pollution control viewpo

10、int, the microorganisms produced must be considered as an undesirable product since, being organic matter, they can place a pollutional burden on the receiving waters. （從控制污染的角度來看，微生物產生的，必須將其視為一個不良的產品，因為作為有機質，他們會對受納水體形成一個水污染的負擔。）Ease of separation from the liquid phase and self-destruction of the mi

11、croorganisms through autooxidation are therefore of considerable importance.（微生物通過自動氧化易于從液相和自我毀滅中分離，因此具有相當的重要性。）More detailed information concerning the basic biological principles which have been discussed may be found in textbooks on microbial metabolism and physiology.（生物基本原則進行了討論，可在教科書中發(fā)現(xiàn)關于微生物代謝和生理更詳細資料。）