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1、過去分詞的用法,現(xiàn)在分詞: 表示動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的和正在進(jìn)行過去分詞: 表示動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)的和完成,分詞在句中可以作表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語。,1. 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作表語，與句子主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示主語的狀態(tài)，既表示被動(dòng)，又表示完成。 (1) The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 2. 不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作表語，與句子主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示主語的狀態(tài)，只表示動(dòng)作的完成。 (2) He is retired. 他已退休。 3. 有些過去分詞作表語時(shí)，構(gòu)成的謂語很接近被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 (3)The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.

2、這座城市三面環(huán)山。,過去分詞作表語,【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語，主要是表示主語的狀態(tài)，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。 (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。（是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示動(dòng)作） (2) The library is now closed. 圖書館關(guān)門了。（過去分詞作表語） 【注意】過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成, -ing 形式表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行。有些動(dòng)詞如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人，用 -ing 形

3、式來修飾物。 (3) The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 這本書很有趣，我對(duì)它很感興趣。,過去分詞作定語 作定語用的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞。及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語，既表被動(dòng)又表完成；不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語，只表完成。 1. 過去分詞用作定語，如果是單個(gè)的，常置于其所修飾的名詞之前。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應(yīng)改變了的情況。 2. 過去分詞短語用作定語時(shí)，一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后，其意義相當(dāng)于一

4、個(gè)定語從句，但較從句簡(jiǎn)潔，多用于書面語中。 The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會(huì)大為成功。,3.過去分詞短語有時(shí)也可用作非限制性定語，前后常有逗號(hào)。 (1)The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會(huì)，到會(huì)的有五千多人。,過去分詞作狀語 1. 過去分詞作狀語表示被動(dòng)的和完成的動(dòng)作。 (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so go

5、od! 因?yàn)閷懙么颐?，這篇文章不是很好。 【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語，表示這篇文章是被寫的，而且已經(jīng)被寫。 (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因?yàn)槌聊缬谒伎贾?，所以他沒聽到那個(gè)聲音。,2. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語為主句的主語，此時(shí)應(yīng)注意人稱一致。 (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再給我一個(gè)小時(shí)，我也能解這道題。（given 為過去分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語為主句主語 I ，即 I 被再給一個(gè)小時(shí)。） (2)

6、 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 從山頂看城市，城市顯得更漂亮。（seen 為過去分詞作狀語，表“被看”，由語境可知，它的邏輯主語必須是城市，而不是“我們”，因?yàn)椤拔覀儭睉?yīng)主動(dòng)看城市。）,3. 過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句。 (1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因?yàn)榱芰艘粓?chǎng)大雨，所以他全身濕透了。 (caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語，它來源于原因狀語從句 Because he was caught in

7、 a heavy rain.) (2)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長(zhǎng)得很快。( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語，它來源于條件狀語從句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.,【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時(shí)有時(shí)還可保留連詞,有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念，過去分詞之前可用表示時(shí)間的連詞，構(gòu)成“連詞過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,如when，while等。例如： When given a medical examination, you should

8、 keep calm. 當(dāng)你做體格檢查時(shí)要保持鎮(zhèn)定。 4. 過去分詞作狀語的位置。過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語，后面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開。 He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那里，被感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶。,表示時(shí)間,Seen from the top of the hill，our city looks surrounded in the fogWhen it is seen from the top of the h

9、ill，our city looks surrounded in the fog從山頂上看，我們的城市看起來像被霧氣籠罩了。Once published，the dictionary will be very popularOnce it is published，the dictionary will be very popular一旦出版，這本詞典將大受歡迎。,拓展:,有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念，過去分詞之前可用表示時(shí)間的連詞，如when，while等。例如：When completed，this railway will link many industrial cities to a sea

10、port這條鐵路建成后，將把許多工業(yè)城市和一個(gè)海港連接起來。When told to go to the teachers office，the girl began to cry當(dāng)被告知去老師辦公室時(shí)，這女孩開始哭起來。,表示原因:Tired out by hard work，he soon fell asleepSince he was tired out by hard work，he soon fell asleep由于干重活疲勞至極，他很快就睡著了。,表示條件:Given more time，we would certainly have finished the job much

11、betterIf we had been given more time，we would certainly have finished the job much better 要是我們有更多的時(shí)間，我們肯定會(huì)把工作完成得更好些。Beaten by the opposite team，the players were not discouragedThough they were beaten by the opposite team，the players were not discouraged雖然被對(duì)方打敗，但隊(duì)員們沒有泄氣。,表示伴隨:The professor sat there，

12、surrounded by a lot of students教授坐在那里，許多學(xué)生圍著他。He came back，utterly exhausted他回來時(shí)疲憊不堪。,過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語（一）能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有以下三類： 1. 表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。 (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌。（過去分詞sung的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作heard；） (2)He found hi

13、s hometown greatly changed. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。（過去分詞changed的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作found）,2. 表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。(1) Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理發(fā)。(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。(3) Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。 【注意】過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。,（二）使役動(dòng)詞have接過去

14、分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況。 1. 過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人完成。 (1) He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了。（被別人偷去了） 2. 過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷。如： (2) He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了。 （自己的經(jīng)歷）,“with 賓語過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)“with 賓語過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞用作介詞 with的賓語補(bǔ)足語。這一結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時(shí)間、方式、條件、原因等狀語。例如： (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進(jìn)來

15、了，他的雙手被綁在背后。（表方式） (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加熱，我們就會(huì)看到水蒸氣。（表?xiàng)l件） (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解決，我們都回家了。（表原因） (4)She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注視著他。(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會(huì)兒。,1

16、_ time ,he will make a first-class tennis player .A Having given B To give C Giving D Given 2 _in 1636 ,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States .A Being founded B It was founded C Founded D Founding 3 Unless _to speak ,you should remain silent at the conference .A invited B inviting C being invited D having invited,D,C,A,4 _,but he still couldnt understand it .A He had been told many times B Having been told many timesC Told many times D Although he had been told many