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1、動 詞I. 動詞的時態(tài)：1. 動詞的時態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/

2、will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2) 一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等

3、詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。一般不能用進行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。I have been reading that book

4、 all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。4. 一般將來時的表達方式：將來時用法例句1will/shall+動詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+動詞原形含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進行時表示將來go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作He is movin

5、g to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 動詞原形表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來The meeting starts at five ocloc

6、k.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動詞的被動語態(tài)：常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are asked6過去進行時was/were being asked2一般過去時was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時have/has been asked3一般將來時shall/will be asked8過去完成時had been asked4過去將來時should/would be asked9將來完成時will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動詞的c

7、an/must/may be asked注意事項被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如

8、：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that下面主動形式常表示被動意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wo

9、nt shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, ag

10、ree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等五 介 詞I. 介詞分類：1簡單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha

11、nks to4分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論), including5形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, opposite6II. 常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時間，in表示一段的時間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時間的since, fromsince 指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完成時連用，from指從時間的某一點開始3表示時間的in, afterin指在一段時間之后，after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍

12、之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過”的through, acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關(guān)7表示“關(guān)于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11a

13、s與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以地位或身份”，like為“象一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置代詞：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself,

14、herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to