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1、非謂語動詞的類型:,Infinitive 不定式（to do),Gerund 動名詞(doing),Participle 分詞(-ing分詞，-ed分詞）,Structure :,to be done,Infinitive（不定式）:,to do,Negative (否定):,not to do,Passive voice（被動）:,Tense and Voice （時態(tài)與語態(tài)）,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,-,to have been doing,-,to do,to be done,主動語態(tài),1. 作主語,2. 作表語,3. 作賓語

2、,4. 作補語,5. 作定語,6. 作狀語,在句中承擔(dān)的成分:,7. 作獨立成分,8. 與疑問詞等連用,(1). 主語 Subject,不定式作主語時,往往放在謂語之后,用it作形式主語.,To get enough sleep at night is important.,It_.,It is adj. (for sb) to do sth.,It is+a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do.,It takes sb +time to do.,is important to get enough sleep at night,1.吸煙對你來說是不好的。,It is

3、 not good for you to smoke.,2.和你一起共進(jìn)晚餐很愉快。,It is a pleasure to have dinner with you.,It only took two years to complete the project.,3.完成這項工程只花了二年時間。,鞏固練習(xí)1,(2). 表語 Predicative,My job,is,Your task _(努力學(xué)習(xí)).,is to study hard,To see is to believe.,to teach you English.,Everyone wants to get a good job i

4、n the future.,(3) 賓語 Object,常用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有:,fail, happen, mean, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree，etc.,+ to do,like to do,manage to do,think considerfind make feel,形式賓語,4.我希望很快收到你的信。,I hope to hear from you soon.,5.我決定不留下來。,I decided not to stay.,6.學(xué)生們認(rèn)為玩電腦游戲很有趣。,Students thought_.,7.她

5、覺得沒有沒有必要和他辯論。,She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.,it interesting to play computer games.,it + adj.+ to do,鞏固練習(xí)2,The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.,(4). 補語 Complement,五看,watch,see,look at,observe,notice,三使,let,make,have,二聽,listen to,hear,一感覺:,feel,當(dāng)遇到下列動詞時,不定式省略to:,allow, cause, a

6、sk, advise, expect, force, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, teach等.,8.醫(yī)生建議他去南方.,The doctor advised him to go to the south.,+ sb to do,I made him do his work.,He _by me.,See sb do sth,-,sb be seen to do,1.He was seen _ from the tree and get hurt.fall B. to fall C. falling D. fallen1,改錯: He was hea

7、rd talk to his mother for an hour.,to talk,was made to do his work,(5). 定語 Attributive,(如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞,則不定式中要有介詞.),He is looking for_.（一間可以住的房子）,There is nothing_.,2.-What do you think of the school? -It is a very good _.A. school to study in B. school for children to studyC. studying school D. sch

8、ool to study,to worry about,The topics to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the 2010 Expo.,（沒有什么可擔(dān)心的）,a room to live in,I came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.,(6) 狀語 Adverbial,in order to , so as to ,1.表目的,2.表原因,We were very excited to hear the news.,3.表結(jié)果,This

9、 room is big enough to hold us.,enoughto, tooto, only to, etc.,He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,3._ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 2001春季高考 第21題,鞏固練習(xí),翻譯：1935年,他離開家再也沒回來。,In 1935 he left home never to return.,(7).獨立結(jié)構(gòu),t

10、o be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth,To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.,who, which, when, how, what,whom,whether 等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語等。,I dont know whether to accept the invitation or not.,(賓語),How to solve the problem is very important.,(主語),如何解決這個問題很重要。,我的問題是什么時候開始。,My question i

11、s when to start.,(表語),8. 不定式與疑問詞連用:,注意：,在與why連用時，只用于why或why not開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶to。 Why not have a rest?,1. 作主語,2. 作表語,3. 作賓語,4. 作補語,5. 作定語,6. 作狀語,在句中承擔(dān)的成分:,7. 作獨立成分,8. 與疑問詞等連用,(1).They pretended not to see us.,(2). He pretended to be sleeping.,(3).She pretended to have known it before.,(一般式表示與

12、謂語的動作同時/在它之后發(fā)生.),(在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時,不定式的動作也正在進(jìn)行),(完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前),關(guān)于時態(tài),1.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read,2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_ everything. ( 01年高考) A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been t

13、old,鞏固練習(xí)3,3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.(MET93 34) A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay.A. to have woven B. to be wovenC. to be weaving D. to weave,關(guān)于省略,(1).不定式中的動詞上文已出現(xiàn)過,下

14、文要 省略該動詞.,e.g.: Would you like to go with me ?,(2). 不定式是to be 結(jié)構(gòu), be 不可省.,e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher?,A. Id like to B.Id like to go,Yes, _.,A.Id like to be. B. Id like to.,Yes,_.,1. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use.A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned,2. The boy w

15、anted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,鞏固練習(xí)4,不定式用在介詞but, except, besides后時,如果這些介詞前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么介詞后的不定式不帶to, 相反則帶to.,(1). She could do nothing but _ .(cry)(2). I have no choice but_. (go)(3).What do you like _ besides_ . (

16、do, sleep),cry,to go,to do,sleep,固定句型:,had better+ (not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事Why (not) do sth.?would rather (not) do sth.would rather do A than (do) Bwould rather + 句子（過去式） （虛擬語氣）,注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法,*在the first, the second，the last和only之后，只能用to do。 如：He was the last to leave the classroom *如果understand，real

17、ize, know用在begin, start, attempt, intend后，只能用to do。 如：I began to understand the truth*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用not to do,而用in order not to do或so as not to do。 如：()In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()Not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()He came into the ro

18、om through the window so as not to be seen*so as to do一般不放在句首。 ()He get up at five this morning so as to catch the early bus (X) So as to catch the early bus，he got up at five this morning,不定式作定語時，應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，而且放在其他后置定語之后。,1. 不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有三種關(guān)系：,(1)動賓關(guān)系 I have a lot of work to do. (2)主謂關(guān)系 He is alwa

19、ys the first to come. (3)同位關(guān)系We all have a chance to go to college.,1.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you.3.I want him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you.5.He is the man to see you.6.Im glad to see you.7.I went to see you.8.He went so early as to see you9. To tell you the

20、truth, I dont agree with you.10. How to solve this problem is very important.,（作主語）,(作賓語）,（作賓補）,(作表語）,（作定語）,（作原因狀語）,（作目的狀語）,（作結(jié)果狀語）,獨立成分,和疑問詞連用,休息一下,Gerund（動名詞）,一. Structure： doing Negative： not doing,二. 時態(tài)和語態(tài),making,having made(不作定語）,being made,having been made(不作定語,三. 在句中承擔(dān)的成分:,1. 作主語,2. 作賓語,3. 作定

21、語,4. 作表語,Collecting information is very important to business.,1.作主語:,Seeing is believing.,e.g.,-What made him so unhappy?-_ the ticket for the football match.,Having been lost B. Lost C. Because of losing D. Losing,Key : _,D,Losing the ticket for the football match made him so unhappy,對著打翻了的牛奶哭是沒用的

22、。Crying over the spilt milk is no use.It is no use crying over the spilt milk.類似的還有：It is no good doing sth.It is no use doing sth.,I enjoy learning English.How about meeting outside the theatre?,2.作賓語:,Vt. Prep.,+,doing,下列動詞通常用ing形式作賓語：,admit, appreciate, deny, resist, stand, imagine, suggest, mind

23、, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, cant help, 等。如:1） 你介意我在這兒抽煙嗎? Would you mind my smoking here ? 2）這女孩被告知每天練習(xí)三個小時的鋼琴. The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day 3） Good news keeps coming.,下列V.+prep.通常用ing形式作賓語,尤其注意介詞to,e.g.

24、insist on, prevent from, depend on, feel like, be fond of, succeed in, be proud of, excuse for , apologize for, look forward to, object to , be used to, be opposed to, etc.,Prep. 后通常用ing形式作賓語.,e.g. The boy stood still without _ (dare) to raise his head because of _ (break) a vase.,daring,having brok

25、en,to do 和doing 的區(qū)別:,remember to do remember doingforget to do forget doingstop to do stop doinggo on to do go on doingtry to do try doingregret to do regret doing mean to do mean doing,注意: 動詞如： permit ,allow，forbid，advice，consider 有不同的用法:,V + sb to do sth & V + doing sthe.g. ：Please permit me to in

26、troduce myself to you first I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes. My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.You surely cant consider him to be a selfish man,permit allow forbid adviseconsider admit doing sth.e.g. ：

27、We do not permit smoking in the officeThey shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow. I forbid smoking in my houseThe little boy admitted having broken the glass.,3.作表語,My hobby is collecting stamps and fishing.His job is teaching.,Im fishing.,My hobby is fishing.,動名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞,4.作定語:,a walki

28、ng stickA swimming poolA sleeping car,區(qū)別,The walking manThe swimming girlThe sleeping boy,動名詞修飾名詞表示名詞的功能,現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞表示該名詞所處的狀態(tài),Gerund的邏輯主語:,Tom insisted on coming to the party.Tom insisted on my coming to the party.我?guī)缀鯚o法想象peter在五天內(nèi)橫渡大西洋.I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in fi

29、ve days.,動名詞表示被動意義:,在動詞或詞組need, want, require, be worth, deserve, etc. 后的動名詞表示被動意義:Your composition needs improving.Your composition needs to be improved.The book is worth reading a second time.The book is worthy to be read/of being read a second time.,休息一下,非謂語動詞的類型:,Infinitive 不定式,Gerund 動名詞,Partic

30、iple 分詞,-ing 分詞,-ed 分詞,-ing分詞(以make為例 ),-ed 分詞,Having made,making,being made,Having been made,made,X,X,X,分詞在句中承擔(dān)的成分:,由于分詞具有形容詞性和副詞性,在句子中不能充當(dāng)具有名詞特征的主語和賓語.,1.作定語,-the sun which is rising,-ing分詞和-ed分詞修飾名詞有前置位&后置位.,1. the rising sun,2. He is a retired worker.,-He is a worker who has already retired.,e.g

31、.,3. The problem bothering us is the lack of money.4. These are goods imported from Japan.,前置位:,后置位,- The problem (which is) bothering us is the lack of money,Whats the difference between -ed and ing participle?,-ing分詞表示“進(jìn)行” -ed分詞表示“完成”,-ing分詞表示“主動”-ed分詞表示 “被動”,主動,進(jìn)行,被動,完成,在時態(tài)上:,在語態(tài)上:,- These are go

32、ods (which were) imported from Japan.,More examples:,1.China is a developing country.,3.He is a well-educated librarian.,2.Japan is a developed country.,=a country which is developing.,=a country which has developed.,-a librarian who has been well educated.,More exercise:,The _(work) people have pla

33、yed a great role in the activity. I dont like _(can) food , I prefer something fresh .,working,canned,1. 站在她媽媽旁邊的那個女孩看上去很膽小。The girl_ by her mother looked very timid. 2. 最近到處在議論的話題都與2010年世博會有關(guān)。 The topics _ everywhere recently are concerned about the 2010 World Expo .,standing,who was standing,which are being discussed,being discussed,Whats the difference?,1. The topics being discussed everywhere