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1、2012年中考英語語法復(fù)習(xí),名 詞,林州市橫水四中 郭萬周,名詞表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)的名稱或者抽象概念的詞。名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。,名詞的定義和分類,名詞的種類,專有名詞：,普通名詞：,可數(shù)：,不可數(shù)：,個(gè)體名詞 nurse, house, horse, apple, pen,集體名詞 people, family, class, trousers,物質(zhì)名詞： water, paper, air, milk,抽象名詞： work, housework, homework, information, news, weather,專有名詞是具體的人和事物等特有名稱。專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母

2、要大寫，人名、地名、公共節(jié)日及月份、周日的名稱等等都是屬于專有名詞。如：Yao Ming姚明； China中國；March三月；Christmas圣誕節(jié)等。,物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，為不可數(shù)名詞。 不可數(shù)名詞前不能加冠詞a 或an來表示量， 也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。,名詞的單數(shù)形式 一般可用a來修飾 a car a book a university a tree a hospital a tiger在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用 an an elephant an apple an eraser an hour an honest boy an interesting book.請注意：a

3、useful machine an unusual thing,名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式 1.復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成方法 (1) 一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加“s” dog dogs book books (2) 以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加“es” box boxes watch watches,(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加“es” country countries factory factories 如果是元音字母加y 結(jié)尾的名詞則只須加“s” boy boys monkey monkeys,(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞加“s” radio radios zoo zoos 只有 potato, tomat

4、o和hero 加“es”構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù) potato potatoes tomato tomatoes (5)以f、fe 結(jié)尾的名詞,變f、fe 為v再加“es” half halves shelf shelves knife knives leaf leaves,(6)可數(shù)名詞的不規(guī)則變化。如：manmen womanwomen toothteeth footfeet childchildren FrenchmanFrenchmen,(7)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞：如：sheepsheep fishfish; ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese (8)有些名詞無單數(shù)形式。如

5、：people(作“人們”解時(shí)) police clothes.(9)pants, shorts, glasses (眼鏡)只用復(fù)數(shù)形式。,(10)由man, woman 構(gòu)成的合成名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)將名詞及man, woman都變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：man drivermen drivers woman teacherwomen teachers但其他合成名詞，只要把合成名詞中的中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。如：a banana treebanana trees a shoe factoryshoe factories,不可數(shù)名詞 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞屬于不可數(shù)名詞 如: water，rice，fish，meat

6、等。另外還有：,work time musicmoney weather homeworkwood Informationnewsmedicine,工作時(shí)間 音樂錢天氣家庭作業(yè)木頭、木材 消息/信息新聞藥,1.不可數(shù)名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)常看成單數(shù) 盤子里有一些面包。 There is some bread on the plate. 沒有消息就是好消息。 No news is good news. 2.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞 他每天花很多時(shí)間玩電腦游戲。 He spends much

7、time in playing computer games every day. 邁克在家?guī)缀醪蛔黾覄?wù)。 Mike does little housework at home. Mike hardly does the housework at home.,3.常用a piece of, a cup of, a glass of,a bottle of等來表示不可數(shù)名詞的量,單復(fù)數(shù)表現(xiàn)在of 前面的名詞上，而 of 后始終是單數(shù)There is a piece of paper in the book.We want three glasses of orange.,注意：可數(shù)名詞也可用量來

8、表示， of后用復(fù)數(shù)There are two bags of eggs in the basket.Kate is going to buy five boxes of apples.,桌子上有一張紙。,我們想要三杯橙汁。,籃子里有兩袋雞蛋。,凱特打算買五箱蘋果。,4.有些可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞在一定情況下可相互轉(zhuǎn)化，同一個(gè)詞，但意思不同 (1) glass(玻璃) a glass(玻璃杯) paper(紙) a paper(報(bào)紙) work(工作) a work(著作) room(空間) a room(房間),(2) fruit(水果) fruits (各種水果) fish(魚) fishe

9、s(各種魚) time(時(shí)間) times(時(shí)代),名詞的一般用法-名詞做定語1.修飾另一名詞時(shí),一般用單數(shù) I planted two apple trees yesterday. There are three mango trees in front of the building.2.man woman用做定語時(shí),應(yīng)與后面的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致 This primary school needs a man teacher. There are over eighty women teachers in our school.,昨天我種了兩棵蘋果樹。,樓房前面有三棵芒果樹。,這間小學(xué)需要一

10、位男老師。,在我們學(xué)校有八十多位女教師。,3.sports,clothes做定語時(shí),仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式In our school, there will be a sports meeting next month. I bought a T-shirt at that clothes shop4. 當(dāng)數(shù)詞與單位名詞一起做定語時(shí)， 單位名詞往往用單數(shù)形式,數(shù)詞與單位名詞用“-”連接Mr. Wang has an eleven-year-old son.,我們學(xué)校下個(gè)月有一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。,我在那間服裝店買了一件T恤衫。,王先生有一人11歲大的兒子。,名詞做主語時(shí),應(yīng)注意名詞的數(shù)，避免主謂不一致。這附近她的

11、家是一個(gè)大家庭。Her family is a large one in our neighborhood.安的家人都是老師。Anns family are all teachers.桌上有一副眼鏡There is a pair of glasses on the desk.,名詞的所有格：(1)單數(shù)名詞的所有格只需在詞后加s。如：This is my brothers bike.(2)以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格只需在詞后加。如：These should be the boys sports uniforms.Mike is at the teachers office now.(3)某物為兩

12、個(gè)名詞共有時(shí)，所有格形式應(yīng)在第二個(gè)名詞后加s。如：Nick and Dicks father is an engineer.,這是我哥哥的自行車。,這些應(yīng)當(dāng)是男孩子們的運(yùn)動(dòng)服。,邁克現(xiàn)在在教師辦公室。,尼克和迪克的爸爸是一個(gè)工程師。,(4)表示兩個(gè)名詞各自擁有的東西，其所有格形式應(yīng)在兩個(gè)名詞后都加s。如：Nicks and Dicks fathers are both engineers.(5)在表示“店鋪，某某家，診所”的名詞所有格后面，一般省去被修飾的名詞。如：at the doctors at the barkers,(6)用所有格表示時(shí)間或距離的方法。ten minutes walk

13、走路十分鐘 a months holiday 一個(gè)月的假期,尼克和迪克的爸爸都是工程師。,注意比較：,Its a ten-minute walk from here to the park。,They will have a one-month holiday.,從這里到公園走路是10分鐘。,他們將有一個(gè)月長的假期。,(8)用所有格表示節(jié)日的方法：Teachers Day; Childrens Day.需要注意的是除了父親節(jié)和母親節(jié)其他節(jié)日我們都用名詞復(fù)數(shù)的所有格表示，因?yàn)榘职謰寢屆總€(gè)人就只有一個(gè)所以不用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Mothers Day Fathers Day(9)以of構(gòu)成的短語的所有格形式

14、。如：a picture of mine a photo of my family the door of the classroom (10)另注意：the key to the door門的鑰匙the answer to the question 問題的答案the ticket to the match 比賽的門票,bird- ladyorange- ruler- cat- boy- girlcase- wife- watchtree- key- questionfriend photo- card-family- dictionary,birds,ladies,oranges,ruler

15、s,cats,boys,girls,cases,wives,watches,trees,keys,questions,friends,families,dictionaries,photos,cards,(1)How many _ do you want? A kilo, please. A. bananas B. meat C. bread D. milk(2)Taking a walk in the evening is a good _. So it is, it keep us healthy. A. rule B. hobby C. habit D. favor(3)These pe

16、ople are from _. They are _. A. Germany; Germen B. German; Germany C. Germany; GermaniesD. Germany; Germans(4)Would you pass me _? I want to write a letter. A. a paper B. a piece of paper C. two paper D. two piece of paper,A,C,D,B,Choose the best answers.,(5) _ mothers both work in this hospital. A. Jim and BillsB. Jims and Bills C. Jim and Bill D. Jims and Bill(6) In China, September 10th is _. A. Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day(7) Excuse me, where is the_？ A. mens r