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1、GrammarGrammar：Modal verbsModal verbs 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（modal verbs)：表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)，如請(qǐng)求、命令、愿望、能力以及可能性等。英語(yǔ)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：2 can/could may/might must shall/should will/would need have to 能夠可能必須應(yīng)該意愿敢需要不得不+動(dòng)詞原形3 肯定 否定 縮寫(xiě)否定 can can not cant couldcould not couldnt maymay not /mightmight not mightnt must must not mustnt s

2、houldshould not shouldnt needneed notneednt4一、情態(tài)意義表示法一、情態(tài)意義表示法1.表示表示“能力能力”和和“可能可能”a)表示表示“能力能力”，可用，可用can,could,be able to can既能表示現(xiàn)在的能力，也表示將來(lái)的既能表示現(xiàn)在的能力，也表示將來(lái)的能力。能力。Eg.Look!I can do it.I cant do it now,but I can do it later.5現(xiàn)在“能力”：can,be able to As I have got enough money,I can/am able to help her.Can

3、:1.某樁具體事情：eg.I can climb this cliff.2.泛指一般的“能力”：He can drive a car.She cant play the piano.6將來(lái)“能力”：通常 will/shall be able to Ill be able to speak German in another two months具體某事：can Can you go and see him tomorrow morning?If I can,I will do it.7過(guò)去“能力”:could,was/were able to 肯定句：Could：一般能力 She could

4、play the piano when she was only six.was/were able to(及managed to)：具體事件 He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.8 I talked a long time,and in the end managed to make her believe me.在否定句中，could既可以表示過(guò)去一般能力，也可表示過(guò)去某具體事情的能力.I couldnt/wasnt able to play the piano when I was at school.9b)

5、表示“可能”，可用may,might,can,could may/might：1.既可以表示現(xiàn)在的可能，也可表示將來(lái)的可能，might在口氣上比may更委婉現(xiàn)在：It may/might be true.將來(lái)：He may/might leave tomorrow.2.在疑問(wèn)句中，用can，不用may。Can they have missed the bus?Yes,they may have.10may not重音落在助動(dòng)詞上，表示“不可能”，重音落在否定詞上，表示“不許可”,比較：He may not go tomorrow.He may not go tomorrow.所以在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，表

6、示“不可能”常用cant11can/could表示現(xiàn)在的可能，口氣上could比較委婉vThats not mine.Whose can it be?vIt could be Johns.can常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，而could不受此限。vIf you dont have a guide,you could lose your way.vIt cant/couldnt be true.vCan/could the news be true?12在肯定陳述句中，may與can的比較：Can指邏輯上的可能性，may指事實(shí)上的可能性 The road can be blocked.(按邏輯可能會(huì)堵，

7、)The road may be blocked.(可能現(xiàn)在正堵著，事實(shí)上)Mr Reed is in poor health.He can be ill at any time.Mr Reed looks pale.He may be ill.13“may/might+have done/have been doing”,“can/could+have done”表示過(guò)去的可能。vHe may/might have missed the train.vShe may/might have been expressing her true feelings at that moment.vSh

8、e cant/couldnt have missed the train.“might/could+have done”可以表示本來(lái)可能發(fā)生但沒(méi)有發(fā)生的，或者本來(lái)可能完成卻沒(méi)有完成的動(dòng)作，vYou might have finished the work last week.vI could have passed the examination,but I failed.142表示“許可”和“不許”a)請(qǐng)求對(duì)方“許可”可用can,could,may,might.may/might較正式，could/might較委婉表示給予“許可”通常用can/may,而不用could/might Could

9、 I use your phone?Yes,of course you can.Might I trouble you for a light?You may indeed.15b)表示“不許”可用may not或者cannotCan I go out for a moment?No,you cant.May I use your car for a few days?No,you may not.may not也可表示根據(jù)一般規(guī)定的“不許可”，而不是說(shuō)話人不許可Borrowers may not take out of the library more than two books at a

10、 time.may not表示“不許可”的過(guò)去式不是might not He may not go.(=I dont permit him to go.)He might not go.(=Possibly he will not go.)過(guò)去的不許可：He was not allowed to go.163表示“義務(wù)”和“必然”a)表示“義務(wù)”，可用should,ought to,must.表示要求，命令時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣由ought to、should、must漸強(qiáng)Should/ought to表示“應(yīng)該”，帶有敦促，勸說(shuō)之意，可交替使用，前者語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)。You should/ought to dri

11、nk less.Should/ought to+have done:本應(yīng)該You should/ought to have asked my permission first.Must表示敦促或命令，必須。I really must stop smoking.17表示將來(lái)的“必須”，常用have to的一定形式（will/shall have to)比較：We must do it again.(表示現(xiàn)在)Well have to do it again.(表示將來(lái))表示過(guò)去的“必須”，常用had toI had to leave at six yesterday.must有兩種否定形式:第一

12、個(gè)是must not,表示“不許”、“禁止”,相應(yīng)的半助動(dòng)詞是be to的否定形式be not toYou mustnt talk like that.You are not to talk like that.(不許你如此講話。)18第二個(gè)否定形式是neednt,表示不必。與neednt相當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞形式是dont need to/dont have to/havent got toA:Must you leave soon?B:No,I neednt/dont need to/dont have to/havent got to.必須：must與have tomust側(cè)重于說(shuō)話人的主觀意志 h

13、ave to側(cè)重客觀需要 He must say it in English.(I want him to do so.)He have to say it in English.(He doesnt know Chinese.)在特定語(yǔ)境中，用will也可表示“義務(wù)”，常用于第二人稱主語(yǔ)，這實(shí)際上是強(qiáng)化的祈使句。You will wait outside the gate.Brian!You will close the door.19b)表示“必然”，可用should，ought to和must(一般用于陳述句)，其中must口氣最為肯定。都指說(shuō)話人根據(jù)一定情況做出推測(cè)或判斷.She sh

14、ould be here in a minuteThese young trees ought to provide shade in ten years.All men must die.ought to(表示“推測(cè)”）的否定形式是oughtnt toYou oughtnt to have any difficulty getting the tickets.20如果是推測(cè)過(guò)去的事態(tài)，則用must+have doneYou must have left your handbag in the theatre.表示推測(cè)的must的否定形式是cant不是must notIf Fred didnt

15、 leave home before five,he cant be there yet.214表示“預(yù)見(jiàn)”和“推測(cè)”a)表示“預(yù)見(jiàn)”，即表示“單純將來(lái)”，可用will/shall+不定式，shall用于第一人稱，will用于第二、三人稱。現(xiàn)在一般will可用于一切人稱表“將來(lái)”I will be a different person when I live in England.You will be hearing from me.She will probably last longer than you will.It will rain tomorrow.非正式語(yǔ)體中，will常用語(yǔ)

16、第一人稱主語(yǔ)表將來(lái)，常用will、shall的縮寫(xiě)ll，模糊了其界限。Ill come in after church and give you a hand.222022/11/2623b)表示“推測(cè)”，除用should,ought to,和must外，還可用will/would（語(yǔ)氣僅次于must）。They should/ought to be home by now.(他們現(xiàn)在該到家了)They would be home by now.(他們現(xiàn)在大概到家了)They will be home by now.（我估計(jì)他們現(xiàn)在一定到家了）They must be home by now.（他們現(xiàn)在一定到家了）24will/would表示“推測(cè)”可有三種情況 1）對(duì)特定事態(tài)的推測(cè) A:Whos that man over there?B:That will be George,no doubt.C:That would be George,I except.2）對(duì)某些習(xí)慣性事態(tài)的推測(cè)，will指現(xiàn)在習(xí) 慣，would指過(guò)去習(xí)慣vHe will work all day withou