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1、高考(o ko)英語如何猜測單詞的含義第一頁，共29頁。如何猜測單詞如何猜測單詞 或短語的含義或短語的含義 邳州邳州二中二中(r zhn)高三高三英語備課組英語備課組第二頁，共29頁。知 識 構(gòu) 建v大綱要求：根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語的大綱要求：根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語的意義。意義。v測試方式：一是閱讀理解中有測試方式：一是閱讀理解中有3%的生詞（不的生詞（不包括根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法可以推斷詞義的詞），可能會包括根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法可以推斷詞義的詞），可能會對正確理解文意造成對正確理解文意造成(zo chn)障礙；二是障礙；二是閱讀理解設(shè)題中設(shè)有猜測詞義題，所設(shè)的詞匯閱讀理解設(shè)題中設(shè)有猜測詞義題，所設(shè)的詞

2、匯或短語可能是熟悉的，也有可能是不熟悉的?；蚨陶Z可能是熟悉的，也有可能是不熟悉的。第三頁，共29頁。考考 查查 形形 式式1.The phrase“”in the“”could be replaced by .2.The word“”in the third paragraph refers to .3.What is the meaning of the underlined word in the passage?4.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase“”？5.The word“”most likely me

3、ans .第四頁，共29頁。能能 力力 提提 升升v生詞生詞(shngc)本身本身v內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系v針對性解釋針對性解釋v經(jīng)驗常識經(jīng)驗常識第五頁，共29頁。生生 詞詞 本本 身身v點撥：有些英語點撥：有些英語(yn y)單詞是根據(jù)英語單詞是根據(jù)英語(yn y)構(gòu)詞法的一些規(guī)則構(gòu)成的，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法的一些規(guī)則構(gòu)成的，根據(jù)學(xué)過的詞法知識可以推測出他們所構(gòu)成的新學(xué)過的詞法知識可以推測出他們所構(gòu)成的新詞的詞義。詞的詞義。v 例如例如(lr)：This possibility was unforeseeable，because it almost never happened.v 分析分析(fnx

4、)：unforeseeable第六頁，共29頁。分析分析(fnx)unforeseeableunforeseeable un fore see able 不不先、前、預(yù)先、前、預(yù)看見看見(kn jin)能能的；的；可以可以(ky)的的不可預(yù)見的不可預(yù)見的返回返回第七頁，共29頁。v注意一些表示意思(y s)轉(zhuǎn)折的詞和短語：though,as,although,despite,while,in spite of,still,but,yet,while,on the contrary,in contrast,on the other hand,unlike,not,instead等。1、根據(jù)對比(

5、dub)關(guān)系推測詞義點撥：對比是描述和說明點撥：對比是描述和說明(shumng)事物的常用事物的常用方式。在對比中，對比的事物是相反的，因此根方式。在對比中，對比的事物是相反的，因此根據(jù)對比或反義關(guān)系可從已知推出未知。據(jù)對比或反義關(guān)系可從已知推出未知。第八頁，共29頁。例例1：A good manager can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.分析分析(fnx)：句子前后是對比關(guān)系，即把熟練工句子前后是對比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人和非熟練工人區(qū)別開。人和非熟練工人區(qū)別開。分析分析(fnx)：be a has

6、sle be a basket of fun例例2：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle;it can be a basket of fun.(02 NMET E)A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests第九頁，共29頁。2、根據(jù)同類關(guān)系(gun x)推測詞義 v例例1：Although he of

7、ten had the chance,Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.v分析：作者為避免重復(fù)使用分析：作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞，用其同一詞，用其同義詞義詞jeopardize來替代，由此可以來替代，由此可以(ky)推知其詞義。推知其詞義。點撥：同類關(guān)系指在句中作同一成分且詞義屬于同點撥：同類關(guān)系指在句中作同一成分且詞義屬于

8、同一范疇一范疇(fnchu)的近義詞或同義詞。這時可以從熟的近義詞或同義詞。這時可以從熟悉的詞語中推出新詞的含義?？梢员硎就愱P(guān)系的悉的詞語中推出新詞的含義?？梢员硎就愱P(guān)系的常用詞有常用詞有as,or,similarly,like,just as,also等。等。第十頁，共29頁。3、根據(jù)(gnj)同位語推測詞義分析：由分析：由or引出引出(yn ch)的同位語推測為的同位語推測為“電容量電容量”。例如例如(lr)：Capacitance,or the ability to store electric charge,is one of the most common characteris

9、tics of electronic circuits（電路）（電路）.點撥點撥：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個重點或把某事敘述的更明白，作者有時運用不同的詞語或語句來表達(dá)同一概念，構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。同位語兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號和括號等。同位語前常有or,that is to say,in other words,namely,or other,say,i.e.等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。第十一頁，共29頁。4、根據(jù)(gnj)因果關(guān)系推測詞義分析：以因果關(guān)系為線索，可確定分析：以因果關(guān)系為線索，可確定engrossed的意的意思為思為“被吸引被吸引(xyn)，全神貫注，全神貫注”。例例1：

10、The teacher did not hear the knock at the door because he was completely engrossed in his reading.點撥：在句子或段落中，若兩個事物或現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成點撥：在句子或段落中，若兩個事物或現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞(shngc)的詞義。這種生詞的詞義。這種生詞(shngc)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在表經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在表現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系的句子中，引導(dǎo)詞有現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系的句子中，引導(dǎo)詞有because,since,as,for,so,therefore,so/suchtha

11、t,so that等。等。第十二頁，共29頁。v例例2：The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.Pruning is important to the growth of tender shoots,of young leaves.A.regular cutting of the plants B.frequent watering C.regular use of chemicals D.growing the plant high in the mountain第十三頁，共29頁

12、。5、根據(jù)(gnj)舉例推測詞義分析：由后文引出的分析：由后文引出的wars and great scientific discoveries可以猜出可以猜出epochal的大致意義的大致意義(yy)是是“重要的重要的”，這與其確切意義，這與其確切意義(yy)“劃時代的劃時代的”十分接近。十分接近。例例1：The results of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not limited to a small geographical area as they were in the past.

13、點撥：作者為了說明或證實某事，經(jīng)常會在文章中點撥：作者為了說明或證實某事，經(jīng)常會在文章中舉例。這些例子可以幫助舉例。這些例子可以幫助(bngzh)我們推測詞義我們推測詞義常用詞有常用詞有for example,for instance,such as,like等。等。第十四頁，共29頁。v例例2：Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence.We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door,the box will still be there when we come back

14、.(04 北京北京(bi jn)D)v v A.still exists B.keeps its shapev C.still stays solidv D.is beyond reach第十五頁，共29頁。6、根據(jù)上下文推測(tuc)詞義分析分析(fnx)：archaeologist為為“考古學(xué)家考古學(xué)家”。例例1:Our earth is very old.It holds many secrets about life in the past.Archaeologists dig in the ground and bring out these secrets.They discove

15、r objects thousands of years old that inform us about how people lived long ago.v點撥：閱讀材料中的每個詞或短語與它前后的詞語點撥：閱讀材料中的每個詞或短語與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落有著或句子甚至段落有著(yu zhe)相互制約的關(guān)系，可相互制約的關(guān)系，可以利用語境推測和判斷某些詞語的含義。以利用語境推測和判斷某些詞語的含義。第十六頁，共29頁。v分析：根據(jù)第二個句子分析：根據(jù)第二個句子(j zi)的意思，可推測的意思，可推測“Where is the beef?”之意為之意為“證據(jù)在哪里證據(jù)在哪里？”v例例2：

16、One of the newest American expression is“Where is the beef?”It questions if it is as good or as honest as it claims to be.返回返回第十七頁，共29頁。1、根據(jù)(gnj)定義推測詞義v分析：由定義可知分析：由定義可知jam一詞在俚語一詞在俚語(ly)中的意思是中的意思是“困境困境”。例例1：In slang(俚語俚語(ly)the term“jam”refers to a state of being in which a person finds himself or he

17、rself in a difficult situation.點撥：點撥：有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會對一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義。定義句的謂語動詞通常為be,mean,deal with,be considered to be,refer to,be called,be known as等。第十八頁，共29頁。v例例2：“ecopassages”may help animals cross the road without being hurt by cars.They are paths both over and under roads.(05 浙江浙江(zh jin),B)vA.an un

18、derground path for cars vB.a fence built for the safety of the area v C.a bridge for animals to get over a river v D.a pass for animals to cross the road第十九頁，共29頁。2、根據(jù)(gnj)定語從句推測詞義分析：根據(jù)生詞分析：根據(jù)生詞SAD后面的定語后面的定語(dngy)從句從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder可以推斷出可以推斷出SAD的含義為的含義為“季節(jié)性情季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥緒紊亂

19、癥”。v例例1：Krabacber suffers from SAD,which is short for seasonal affective disorder.點撥點撥(din bo)：定語從句是對先行詞的修飾、：定語從句是對先行詞的修飾、限定、解釋或說明。介于此，我們可以推測出限定、解釋或說明。介于此，我們可以推測出詞義。詞義。第二十頁，共29頁。v分析分析(fnx)：a restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of foodv例例2：Here is The Pines,whose cook has developed a

20、special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou,wild boar,and reindeer with surprising sauces.(04,福建福建 E)返回返回第二十一頁，共29頁。one branch of an organizationA.例3：said Emily Cornette,head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.10、“Why didnt you keep the money?”asked the thief.unforeseeable10、“Why

21、didnt you keep the money?”asked the thief.But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms(癥狀).例1：In slang(俚語(ly)the term“jam”refers to a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.a medicine to cure brain damage同位語兩部分之間多用逗號

22、連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號和括號等。經(jīng)經(jīng) 驗驗 常常 識識分析：因為分析：因為“年輕的胡佛去世了年輕的胡佛去世了”，所以根據(jù)我們，所以根據(jù)我們(w men)的常識可推測的常識可推測funeral意為意為“葬禮葬禮”。例例1：Young Hoover died.Over a thousand people attended his funeral.v點撥：根據(jù)點撥：根據(jù)(gnj)上下文的語言環(huán)境，運用生上下文的語言環(huán)境，運用生活常識和邏輯推理能力猜測生詞的詞義也是一種活常識和邏輯推理能力猜測生詞的詞義也是一種行之有效的方法。行之有效的方法。第二十二頁，共29頁。Over a tho

23、usand people attended his funeral.5、There were so many people in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.生活(shnghu)常識有害的（同類(tngli)關(guān)系）點撥(din bo)：定語從句是對先行詞的修飾、限定、解釋或說明。B.第二十五頁，共29頁。分析：因為“年輕的胡佛去世了”，所以根據(jù)我們(w men)的常識可推測funeral意為“葬禮”。12、There is no cure for Alzheimers.6、根據(jù)上下文推測(tuc)詞

24、義But in a pleasant sunny summer day,this very isolation(隔離、孤立(gl)has a natural beauty that many people love to experierce.（家用）電器(dinq)（舉例）分析(fnx)：句子前后是對比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人和非熟練工人區(qū)別開。點撥：作者為了說明或證實某事，經(jīng)常會在文章中舉例。分析：以因果關(guān)系為線索，可確定engrossed的意思為“被吸引(xyn)，全神貫注”。a party designed by specialists例例2：I feel that since you ar

25、e my superior（上司（上司(shn s)）,it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.(05 上海上海 B)A.full of respect B.too confident and rude C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet第二十三頁，共29頁。例例3：said Emily Cornette,head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.(05NMET B)A.one branch of an organ

26、ization B.a written agreement of a club C.one part of a collection of poems D.a period in a societys history第二十四頁，共29頁。鞏鞏 固固 訓(xùn)訓(xùn) 練練1、Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.2、Unlike her gregarious sister,Jane is a shy,unsociable person who does not like to go to parties

27、 or to make new friends.3、Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.4、Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.5、There were so many people in the Red Square that he had to elbo

28、w his way through the crowd.突出突出(t ch)（構(gòu)詞法）（構(gòu)詞法）愛交際的（對比愛交際的（對比(dub)關(guān)系）關(guān)系）語義學(xué)（同位語）語義學(xué)（同位語）有害的（同類有害的（同類(tngli)關(guān)系）關(guān)系）擠過（因果關(guān)系）擠過（因果關(guān)系）第二十五頁，共29頁。6、Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of money on appliances,for instance,washing machines,refrigerators and color tele

29、visions.7、Anthropology is the scientific study of man.8、The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.9、14,000 sanitation workers carry off,yearly,three million tons of refuse and keep 7,500 miles of streets clean and free of snow.（家用）電器（家用）電器(dinq)（舉例）（舉例）人類學(xué)（定義人類學(xué)（定義(dngy)）（門窗等的）過梁（經(jīng)驗（門窗等的）

30、過梁（經(jīng)驗(jngyn)常識）常識）環(huán)衛(wèi)工人（上下文）環(huán)衛(wèi)工人（上下文）第二十六頁，共29頁。上下文上下文10、“Why didnt you keep the money?”asked the thief.The professor relied,“I couldnt because it is not mine.”Then he walked off,spurning the thiefs offer of a reward.(02 上海春季上海春季(chnj)A)A.accepting B.claiming C.rejecting D.canceling 11、One of Britain

31、s bravest women told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected police killer David Bieberand was thanked with flowers by the police.It was also said that she could be in line for a share of up to 30,000 reward money.(04 湖南湖南 E)A.get B.be paid C.ask for D.own 12、There is no cure for Alzheimers.But

32、a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms(癥狀癥狀).(04 湖北湖北 B)A.a medicine to cure Alzheimers B.a medicine to delay signs of aging C.a medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimers D.a medicine to cure brain damage生活生活(shnghu)常識常識轉(zhuǎn)折轉(zhuǎn)折(zhunzh)第二十七頁，共29頁。13.It is tr

33、ue that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places.But in a pleasant sunny summer day,this very isolation(隔離、孤立隔離、孤立(gl)has a natural beauty that many people love to experierce.(05 重慶重慶 D)A.far-away B.dangerous C.ancient D.secret14.Unlike vitamin C,leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down.They must be carefully cultivated.(05 廣廣東東 B)A.encouraged B.compared C.examined D.developed15.Rain