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1、專升本英語語法,名 詞,名詞要點(diǎn)精講,名詞是專升本英語的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。從語法和詞匯兩個(gè)方面來考察常見于單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空及填空，都可感知到名詞的考查點(diǎn)。,專有名詞主要是指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。,名詞,專有名詞(Proper Nouns),普通名詞(Common Nouns),個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns),集體名詞(Collective Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns),抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns),不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountab

2、le Nouns),可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。,Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱,Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫,Common Nouns：一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞,1. Individual Nouns: 指作為個(gè)體而存在的人或東西,可以指具體的

3、人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象東西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來說，視為整體時(shí)作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。,His family _ not large. (be),Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be),在一些情況下

4、，集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可以用，沒什么差別。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,is,are,有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,個(gè)別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,3. Material Nouns: 指無法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; det

5、ergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：,1) 有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 兩份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一種）,2)個(gè)別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。,Eg: rains （雨季）sands （沙灘） snows (積雪）waters(海域),4.Abstract Nouns:表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、

6、感情等抽象概念,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。,Failure is the mother of success. (失敗與成功在此為抽象概念）As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure be

7、cause she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者，失敗者，可數(shù)),名詞的數(shù),不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)形式。,可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種：,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以專有名詞+y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加-s.Eg:boys; toys; Henrys,*3: 以元音+oeg: vi

8、deos; studios以oo結(jié)尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos一些外來詞(特別是音樂方面的詞) eg: pianos一些縮寫詞 eg: kilos; photos; memos一些專有名詞 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos,直接在詞尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe結(jié)尾只加-s的詞：proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs; chiefs,handkerchief（手帕，手絹）的復(fù)數(shù)形式兩者都可以。,單復(fù)數(shù)相同的情況：,sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chines

9、e;Japanese以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、貨幣等單位的名詞。Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu,只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：,trousers(褲子); glasses(眼鏡); compasses(圓規(guī)) a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle,復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：,1.詞末+-s : film-goers愛看電影的人 ; 2.主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.兩個(gè)組成部分皆變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：women doctors; men cook

10、s* 這種形式的第一個(gè)名詞必須是man或woman,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：,有些外來詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式：,有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。,glass ( 玻璃 )copper ( 銅 )tin ( 錫 )paper ( 紙 )iron (鐵 )wood ( 木頭 )gold (金子 )youth (青春 )power ( 力量 )beauty ( 美 )pleasure( 愉快 )relation(關(guān)系）,a glass ( 玻璃杯 )a copper ( 銅幣板 )a tin ( 罐頭 )a paper ( 報(bào)紙，證件，論文 )an iron (熨斗 )a wood ( 樹林 )a gold

11、(金牌 )a youth (年青人 )a power ( 大國 )a beauty ( 美人，美的東西 )a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 )a relation(親戚）,英語中有許多對(duì)詞，一個(gè)可數(shù)，一個(gè)不可數(shù)。,a poem(一首詩 )a machine(一臺(tái)機(jī)器 )a job(一件工作 )a laugh(一個(gè)笑聲 )a permit(許可證 )a garment (一件衣裳 )a bag(case) (一件行李 )a loaf (一只面包 )a hair(一根頭發(fā) ),oetry(詩歌總稱 )machinery(機(jī)器總稱 )work(工作 )laughter(笑聲 )permiss

12、ion(允許 )clothing(衣裳總稱 )luggage, baggage(行李 )bread(面包 )hair( 頭發(fā)),幾個(gè)名詞的特殊用法,hair_. （他的頭發(fā)是白的。）_. （他有幾根白的頭發(fā)。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.,policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen, scoretwo (many, s

13、everal) dozen pencilsthree _ them / these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of people,dozen of,word（消息，通知）, man（人類），前面不加冠詞，也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用單數(shù)。,名詞的格,所有格的形式： 一般的名詞所有格在后面加 s，如： Marys book 以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格在后面僅加 ，如： Teachers Day, the students reading-room 以 s 結(jié)尾的專有名詞所有格，如： Engelss works 或Enge

14、ls works,s 結(jié)尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的東西的名詞。但有時(shí)其它的名詞也可以，如：todays newspaper, fifteen minutes ride等與時(shí)間有關(guān)的名詞。凡不能加 s 構(gòu)成所有格的名詞，都可以與 of 結(jié)成短語，來表示所有格關(guān)系。就是有生命的東西的名詞也可如此，特別是當(dāng)這個(gè)名詞有較長(zhǎng)的定語時(shí)。如： Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?,一個(gè)名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經(jīng)提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重復(fù)。如： This is not my pen, but Marys.有時(shí)某些 s 結(jié)尾

15、的所有格形式可以表示地點(diǎn)，如某人的家或店鋪、教堂等： We can meet at Marys. He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday. I had the dress made at the tailors at the corner of the street. Last week we visited St. Pauls.,1. _ turn green in spring. A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of cof

16、fee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup,名詞練習(xí),3. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works4. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material 5. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,6. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers