Unit 1 Origins and History,學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),整體上掌握Text A和Text B 兩篇文章的內(nèi)容，包括背景資料，單詞，相關(guān)專有名詞等。完成Text A 和Text B 的課后題目。 瀏覽Text C。,Text A Early Chinese History,導(dǎo)讀,中國是世界文明古國，中華文明亦稱華夏文明，是世界上最古老的文明之一，也是世界上持續(xù)時間最長的文明之一。中華文明史源遠流長，若從黃帝時代算起，約有4700年。舉世公認，中國是歷史最悠久的文明古國之一。一般認為，中華文明的直接源頭有兩個，即黃河文明、長江文明，中華文明是兩種區(qū)域文明交流、融合、升華的果實。中國歷史自黃帝時代算起則約有5000年。,有歷史學(xué)者認為，在人類文明史中，“歷史時代”的定義是指從有文字時起算，在那之前則稱為“史前時代”；歷史中傳說伏羲做八卦，黃帝時代倉頡造文字；近代考古發(fā)現(xiàn)了3350多年前（前1350年）商朝的甲骨文、約4000年前至5000年前的陶文、約5000年前至7000年前具有文字性質(zhì)的龜骨契刻符號。,元謀人的牙齒,仰韶文化半坡類型（人面魚紋盆）,Notes,1. The Yangshao culture (仰韶文化) : a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the central Yellow River in China. The Yangshao culture is dated from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC. The culture is named after Yangshao, the first excavated representative village of this culture, which was discovered in 1921 in Henan Province by the Swedish archaeologist Johan Gunnar Andersson (18741960). The culture flourished mainly in the provinces of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi.,2. The Longshan culture (龍山文化) : a late Neolithic culture in China, centered on the central and lower Yellow River and dated from about 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The Longshan culture is named after the town of Longshan in the east of the area under the administration of the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, where the first archaeological find (in 1928) and excavation (in 1930 and 1931) of this culture took place at the Chengziya Archaeological Site.,3. The Bronze Age (青銅器時代) :is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age. The term Stone Age implies the inability to smelt any ore, the term Bronze Age implies the inability to smelt iron ore and the term Iron Age implies the ability to manufacture artifacts in any of the three types of hard material. Their arrangement in the archaeological chronology reflects the difficulty of manufacture in the history of technology.,4. Confucius (孔子)： a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty. Confucius thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家).,5. Mencius (孟子) ： an itinerant Chinese philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism. Supposedly, he was a pupil of Confucius grandson, Zisi. Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled China for forty years to offer advice to rulers for reform. During the Warring States Period, Mencius served as an official and scholar at the Jixia Academy in the State of Qi. He expressed his filial devotion when he took an absence of three years from his official duties for Qi to mourn his mothers death. Disappointed at his failure to affect changes in his contemporary world, he retired from public life.,6. Mozi (墨子)： a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early Warring States Period). Born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China, he founded the school of Mohism and argued strongly against Confucianism and Daoism. During the Warring States Period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states, but fell out of favour when the legalist Qin Dynasty came to power. During that period many Mohist classics were ruined when Qin Shihuang carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars. The importance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, disappearing by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.,7. Laozi (老子)： a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching (often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (pronounced as Daoism). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or One of the Three Pure Ones. Laozi translated literally from Chinese means old master or old one, and is generally considered honorific.,8. Zhuangzi (莊子) ： an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BC during the Warring States Period, a period corresponding to the philosophical summit of Chinese thought the Hundred Schools of Thought, and is credited with writingin part or in wholea work known by his name, the Zhuangzi.,9. Shang Yang (商鞅) : an important statesman of the State of Qin during the Warring States Period of Chinese history. Born Wei Yang in the State of Wei, with the support of Duke Xiao of Qin Yang enacted numerous reforms in Qin. These were in accordance with his legalist philosophy as recorded in The Book of Lord Shang and assisted Qin in its change from a peripheral state to that of a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom. He changed the administration of the state through an emphasis on meritocracy and devolvement of power from the nobility.,10. Han Fei Zi (韓非子): was a Chinese philosopher who, along with Li Si, Gongsun Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai, developed the doctrine of the School of Law or Legalism. Unlike the other famed philosophers of the time, Han Fei was a member of the ruling aristocracy, having been born into the ruling family of the state of Han during the end phase of the Warring States Period. In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han.,11. Qu Yuan (屈原): was a Chinese poet who lived during the Warring States Period in ancient China. He is famous for his contributions to the poetry collection known as the Chu-ci - also known as Songs of the South or Songs of Chu - which, along with the Shi Jing is one of the two great collections of ancient Chinese verse. Historical details about Qu Yuans life are few, and his authorship of many Chu-ci poems have been questioned at length. However, he is widely accepted to have written Li Sao, the most well-known of the Chu-ci poems, and possibly several others in the collection, as well.,Text B The Qin and Han Dynasties,導(dǎo)讀,公元前221年，秦并其他六國后統(tǒng)一了中國主體部分，成為了中國歷史上第一個統(tǒng)一的中央集權(quán)君主統(tǒng)治國家，定都咸陽（今西安附近）。由于秦王應(yīng)征自認“功蓋三皇，德過五帝”，于是改用皇帝稱號，自封始皇帝，人稱秦始皇，傳位后的皇帝稱二世，直至千世萬世。他對國家進行了許多項改革，包括了中央集權(quán)的確立，取代了周朝的諸侯分封制；,統(tǒng)一了文字，方便官方行文；統(tǒng)一度量衡，便于工程上的計算。秦始皇還大力修筑馳道和直道，并連接了戰(zhàn)國時趙國、燕國和秦國的北面圍城，筑成了西起臨洮、東至遼東的萬里長城以抵御北方來自匈奴，東胡等游牧民族的侵襲。秦始皇推崇法治，重用法家的李斯作為丞相，并聽其意見，下令焚書坑儒，收繳天下兵器，役使七十萬人修筑阿房宮以及自己的陵墓包括兵馬俑等。,秦始皇,Notes:,The Great Wall (長城) : is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are referred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was built during the Ming Dynasty.,Sima Qian (司馬遷)： was a Prefect of the Grand Scribes (太史公) of the Han Dynasty. He is regarded as the father of Chinese historiography for his highly praised work, Records of the Grand Historian (史記), a Jizhuanti-style general history of China, covering more than two thousand years from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of Han. His definitive work laid the foundation for later Chinese historiography.,Zhang Heng (張衡) ：was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar from Nanyang, Henan. He lived during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25220 CE) of China. He was educated in the capital cities of Luoyang and Changan, and began his career as a minor civil servant in Nanyang. Eventually, he became Chief Astronomer, Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages, and then Palace Attendant at the imperial court. His uncompromising stances on certain historical and calendrical issues led to Zhang being considered a controversial figure, which prevented him from becoming an official court historian. His political rivalry with the palace eunuchs during the reign of Emperor Shun led to his decision to retire from the central court to serve as an administrator of Hejian, in Hebei. He returned home to Nanyang for a short time, before being recalled to serve in the capital once more in 138. He died there a year later, in 139.,Thank You!,Unit 2 Territory and Environment,學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),整體上掌握Text A和Text B 兩篇文章的內(nèi)容，包括背景資料，單詞，相關(guān)專有名詞等。完成Text A 和Text B 的課后題目。 瀏覽Text C。,Text A Territory of China,導(dǎo)讀：中國位于歐亞大陸東部，太平洋西岸。中國約有4079年的已知文明史，是亞非大河流域四大文明古國之一，中國的面積為960萬平方千米，僅次于俄羅斯、加拿大。中國地勢西高東低，呈階梯狀下降，山地、高原和丘陵約占陸地面積的67%，盆地和平原約占陸地面積的33%。山脈多呈東西和東北一西南走向。海岸線以東以南的大陸架，蘊藏著豐富的海底資源。,烏蘇里,青海,Notes,Wusuli (烏蘇里)：or called the Usuri ulais, a river in the south of the Outer Manchuria (Russian Far East) and east of Inner Manchuria (Northeast China). It rises in the Sikhote-Alin range, flowing north, forming part of the Sino-Russian border based on the Sino-Russian Convention of Peking in 1860, until it joins the Amur River at Khabarovsk. It is approximately 897km in length.,The area of the Usuri basin is 193,000 km. Its waters come from rain (60%), snow (30-35%) and subterranean springs. Average discharge is 1,150 m/s, elevation - 1,682 m. The Usuri River is known for its catastrophic floods. It freezes up in November and stays under the ice until April. The river teems with different kinds of fish: grayling, sturgeon, humpback salmon (gorbusha), chum salmon (keta) and others.,Russia Far East (俄羅斯遠東地區(qū)): is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. The Far Eastern Federal District, which covers this