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1、HistoryofMicrobiologyAfterlearningthissection,youshouldbeableto:EvaluatetheimportanceofthecontributionstomicrobiologymadebyHooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Kochandsoon.PredictthedifficultiesthatmightarisewhenusingKochspostulatestodetermineifamicrobecausesadiseaseuniquetohumans.The person who firstly descri

2、be microbesRobertHooke(1635-1703)iscreditedwithpublishingthefirstdrawingsofmicroorganismsinthescientificliterature.In1665hepublishedahighlydetaileddrawingofthefungusMucorinhisbookMicrographia.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered a father of microbiology as he observed and experimented with microsco

3、pic organisms,using simple microscopes of his own design.The development of microscopes was the critical first step in the evolution of microbiology.Beginning in 1673,Leeuwenhoek sent detailed letters describing his discoveries to the Royal Society of London.It is clear from his descriptions that he

4、 saw both bacteria and protists.FatherofMicrobiologyAntonyvanLeeuwenhock(1632-1723)Leeuwenhoeks drawings of bacteria from the human mouth.He observed and experimented with microscopic organisms,using simple microscopes of his own design.The development of microscopes was the critical first step in t

5、he evolution of microbiology.AfterLeeuwenhoeksobservationsofmicrobes,thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyessentiallylanguishedforthenext200yearsuntiltechniquesforisolatingandculturingmicrobesinthelaboratorywereformulated.Manyoftechniquesbegantobedevelopedasscientistsgrappledwiththeconflictoverthetheoryofspo

6、ntaneousgeneration.theItalianphysicianFrancescoRedi(1626-1697),chanllengedthethetheoryfirst.Heprovedthatmeatdidnotspontaneouslygeneratemaggots.However,manyresearchersdidexperimentstodebateonSpontaneousGeneration.Spontaneous generationthatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatter.Spontaneous gen

7、erationthatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatter.The spontaneous generation conflictTheItalianphysicianFrancescoRedi(1626-1697),chanllengedthethetheoryfirst.Heprovedthatmeatdidnotspontaneouslygeneratemaggots.Finally,LouisPasteurdidExperimentswithSwan-NeckFlasks.圖片Heplacednutrientsolutionsin

8、flasks,heatedtheirnecksinaflame,anddrewthemoutintoavarietyofcurves方框.Theswan-neckflasksthatheproducedinthiswayhadnecksopentotheatmosphere.方框Pasteurthenboiledthesolutionsforafewminutesandallowedthemtocool方框.Seethepicturebelow,therightone,Nogrowthtookplaceeventhoughthecontentsoftheflaskswereexposedtot

9、heair.方框Pasteurpointedoutthatgrowthdidnotoccurbecausedustandgermshadbeentrappedonthewallsofthecurvednecks.方框方框Iftheneckswerebroken,growthcommencedimmediately.Pasteur(1861)conflict over spontaneous generation birth of microbiology as a science.Swan-neck flasksNo growth took place even though the cont

10、ents of the flasks were exposed to the air.Cool the brothdust and germs trapped hereConclusion:Microorganismsarenotspontaneouslygeneratedfrominanimatematter,butareproducedbyothermicroorganismsPasteurscontributions:LouisPasteurworkinginhislaboratoryLouisPasteur(18221895)Pasteur(1857)demonstratedthatl

11、acticacidfermentationisduetotheactivityofmicroorganismsPasteurizationPasteur(1881)developedthefirstvaccineforrabiesandanthrax.Pasteur had many contributions inthedevelopmentofMicrobiology.He demonstrated that all fermentations weredue to the activities of specific yeasts andbacteria,and he published

12、 several papers onfermentationbetween1857and1860.Hesuggestedamethodforheatingthewinestodestroytheundesirablemicrobes.Theprocessisnowcalledpasteurization.RobertKochinhislaboratoryOneofhiscontributionsistherecognition of microbial role in disease.HeestablishedtherelationshipbetweenBacillus anthracisan

13、danthrax.RobertKoch(18431910)ThefirstdirectdemonstrationthatbacteriacausediseasecamefromthestudyofanthraxbytheGermanphysicianRobertKoch(1843-1910).Kochs postulatesKochs postulatesThemicroorganismsmustbepresentineverycaseofthediseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms.Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbeisolat

14、edandgrowninapureculture.Thediseasemustresultwhentheisolatedmicroorganismsisinoculatedintoahealthyhost.Thesamemicroorganismsmustbeisolatedagainfromthediseasedhost.His criteria for proving the causal relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease are known as Kochs postulates.Aftercomple

15、tinghisanthraxstudies,Kochfullyoutlinedhispostulatesinhisworkonthecauseoftuberculosis(figure1.15).Let,sseeclearly,KochsPostulatesAppliedtoTuberculosis.fromthispicture.8個方框Kochs demonstration of special organisms cause Kochs demonstration of special organisms cause special diseasesspecial diseases1.T

16、he microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.PostulateExperimentationFigure 1.15 Kochs Postulates Applied to Tuberculosis.M.tuberculosisM.tuberculosis coloniesM.tuberculosis colonies TB patientKoch developed a staining technique to examine human tissue.Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be identified in diseased tissue.2.The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.Koch grew M.tuberculosis in pure culture on coagulated